കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ

വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം.
Royal Society Copley Medal
Joseph Lister, Copley Medal (gold), 1902 Wellcome M0007837.jpg
The Copley Medal awarded to Joseph Lister in 1902.
അവാർഡ്Outstanding research in any branch of science
SponsorRoyal Society
രാജ്യംUnited Kingdom
ആദ്യം നൽകിയത്1731; 292 years ago (1731)
ഔദ്യോഗിക വെബ്സൈറ്റ്Copley Medal

ഏതെങ്കിലും ഒരു ശാസ്ത്രശാഖയിൽ മികച്ച സംഭാവനകൾ നൽകിയ വ്യക്തിക്ക് ലണ്ടനിലെ റോയൽ സൊസൈറ്റി നൽകുന്ന പുരസ്കാരമാണ് കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ (ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് : Copley Medal). ഒരു ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രശാഖയ്ക്ക് ഒരു വർഷം പുരസ്കാരം നൽകിയാൽ, തൊട്ടടുത്ത വർഷം നൽകുന്നത് ഒരു ജീവശാസ്ത്രശാഖയ്ക്കായിരിക്കും.[1]

റോയൽ സൊസൈറ്റി നൽകിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്ന പുരസ്കാരങ്ങളിൽ ഏറ്റവും പഴക്കമുള്ളതാണ് ഈ പുരസ്കാരം. ഗണിതശാസ്ത്രരംഗത്തെ ഫീൽഡ്സ് മെഡൽ, ആബേൽ പുരസ്കാരം എന്നിവയെക്കാളും പഴക്കമുള്ളതാണ് ഈ പുരസ്കാരം.[2] അതിനാൽ തന്നെ ലോകത്ത് ഇപ്പോഴും നൽകിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്ന പഴക്കമേറിയ പുരസ്കാരകാരങ്ങളിലൊന്നാണിത്.

1731-ൽ ഈ പുരസ്കാരം ആദ്യമായി ലഭിച്ചത് സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഗ്രേയ്ക്കായിരുന്നു. വൈദ്യുതിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പരീക്ഷണങ്ങളാണ് അദ്ദേഹത്തെ പുരസ്കാരത്തിനർഹനാക്കിയത്.[3]

ചരിത്രം[തിരുത്തുക]

സർ. ഗോഡ്ഫ്രെ കോപ്ലി (Sir. Godfrey Copley) പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ നടത്തുന്നതിനായി സംഭാവന നൽകിയ നൂറ് പൗണ്ട് (£100) പണം ഉപയോഗിച്ചു നിർമ്മിച്ചതാണ് കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ. ഈ പണത്തിൽ നിന്നും കിട്ടിയിരുന്ന പലിശ അനേകം വർഷങ്ങളിൽ പുരസ്കാര ദാനത്തിനായി ഉപയോഗിച്ചിരുന്നു.[4]

പുരസ്കാരം നൽകുന്നതിനുള്ള മാനദണ്ഡങ്ങളിൽ പല തവണ മാറ്റം വരുത്തിയിരുന്നു. മികച്ച അംഗീകാരം നേടിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ നടത്തിയ ഗവേഷകനു മാത്രം പുരസ്കാരം നൽകുന്ന രീതിയാണ് 1736 മുതൽ പിന്തുടർന്നു വന്നത്. 1831 മുതൽ റോയൽ സൊസൈറ്റി കൗൺസിൽ അംഗീകരിക്കുന്ന വ്യക്തിക്കു മാത്രം പുരസ്കാരം നൽകുന്ന രീതിക്കു തുടക്കം കുറിച്ചു.[4]

1881-ൽ സർ. ജോസഫ് വില്യം കോപ്ലി (Sir Joseph William Copley) 1666 പൗണ്ട് പണം (£1666) സംഭാവനയായി നൽകുകയും അതിന്റെ പലിശയുപയോഗിച്ച് പിന്നീടുള്ള വർഷങ്ങളിൽ പുരസ്കാരം നൽകുകയും ചെയ്തു.[4]

ഇപ്പോൾ നൽകുന്നത് വെള്ളിയിൽ സ്വർണ്ണം പൂശിയ മെഡലും 5000 പൗണ്ട് (£5000) പണവുമാണ്.

ചില നേട്ടങ്ങൾ[തിരുത്തുക]

ജോൺ തിയോഫലസ് ദേസാഗുലിയേഴ്സ് (John Theophilus Desaguliers)
ഇദ്ദേഹം മൂന്ന് തവണ കോപ്ലി മെഡൽ നേടിയിട്ടുണ്ട്.
  • ആദ്യത്തെ (ഏക) വനിത - ഡോറതി ഹോഡ്ജ്കിൻ (1976). 2015 വരെ മറ്റൊരു വനിതയും പുരസ്കാരം നേടിയിട്ടില്ല.

പുരസ്കാര ജേതാക്കൾ[തിരുത്തുക]

1731 മുതൽ 1749 വരെ[തിരുത്തുക]

വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1731 No image.svg സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഗ്രേ


(Stephen Gray)

വൈദ്യുതിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [5]
1732 No image.svg സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഗ്രേ


(Stephen Gray)

1732-ലെ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [5]
1733 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല. — —
1734 John Theophilus Desaguliers.jpg ജോൺ തിയോഫലസ് ദേസാഗ്വിലിയേഴ്സ്


(John Theophilus Desaguliers)

വിവിധ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [6]
1735 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല. — —
1736 John Theophilus Desaguliers.jpg ജോൺ തിയോഫലസ് ദേസാഗ്വിലിയേഴ്സ്


(John Theophilus Desaguliers)

ഈ വർഷത്തെ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [6]
1737 Belchier John 1706-1785.png ജോൺ ബെൽക്കിയർ


(John Belchier)

മൃഗങ്ങളുടെ അസ്ഥികളിൽ നടത്തിയ പഠനങ്ങൾ [7]
1738 No image.svg ജെയിംസ് വാലോ
(James Valoue) 		വെസ്റ്റ് മെനിസ്റ്ററിൽ ഒരു പാലം നിർമ്മിക്കുന്നതിനു സഹായകരമായ യന്ത്രം കണ്ടെത്തി, സാമൂഹ്യ സേവനം —
1739 Stephen Hales.jpg സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഹെയ്ൽസ്


(Stephen Hales)

മൂത്രത്തിലെ കല്ല് അലിയിപ്പിച്ചു കളയുന്ന മരുന്നുകൾ കണ്ടെത്തി, കപ്പലുകളിൽ ഇറച്ചി കേടുകൂടാതെ സൂക്ഷിക്കാനുള്ള പ്രിസർവേറ്റീവുകൾ കണ്ടെത്തി [8]
1740 No image.svg അലക്സാണ്ടർ സ്റ്റുവർട്ട്


(Alexander Stuart)

അസ്ഥികളുടെ ചലനം സംബന്ധിച്ച പഠനം, സാമൂഹ്യ സേവനം. [9]
1741 John Theophilus Desaguliers.jpg ജോൺ തിയോഫലസ് ദേസാഗ്വിലിയേഴ്സ്
(John Theophilus Desaguliers) 		വൈദ്യുതിയുടെ പ്രത്യേകതകൾ കണ്ടെത്താനുള്ള പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [6]
1742 No image.svg ക്രിസ്റ്റഫർ മിഡിൽടൺ


(Christopher Middleton)

ഹഡ്സൺ ഉൾക്കടലിലൂടെ ഈസ്റ്റ് ഇൻഡീസിൽ എത്തിച്ചേരുവാനുള്ള വഴി കണ്ടെത്താൻ നടത്തിയ ശ്രമങ്ങൾ [10]
1743 Abraham Trembley.jpg എബ്രഹാം ട്രെമ്പ്ലി


(Abraham Trembley)

പോളിപ്പസിൽ(Polypus) നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ —
1744 HenryBaker16981774.jpg ഹെൻറി ബേക്കർ


(Henry Baker)

ക്രിസ്റ്റലൈസേഷൻ സംബന്ധമായ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [11]
1745 William Watson.jpg വില്യം വാട്സൺ


(William Watson)

വൈദ്യുതി സംബന്ധമായ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [12]
1746 No image.svg ബെഞ്ചമിൻ റോബിൻസ്


(Benjamin Robins)

വായുവിന്റെ പ്രതിരോധം, പ്രൊജക്ടൈൽ ചലനം സംബന്ധമായ സിദ്ധാന്തം [13]
1747 Gowin Knight from Science & Society 10198868.jpg ഗോവിൻ നൈറ്റ്


(Gowin Knight)

സ്വാഭാവിക കാന്തങ്ങൾ, കൃത്രിമ കാന്തങ്ങൾ എന്നിവ സംബന്ധിച്ച പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [14]
1748 James Bradley by Thomas Hudson.jpg ജെയിംസ് ബ്രാഡ്ലി


(James Bradley)

നക്ഷത്രങ്ങളുടെ ചലനം സംബന്ധമായ കണ്ടെത്തലുകൾ [15]
1749 John Harrison Uhrmacher.jpg ജോൺ ഹാരിസൺ


(John Harrison)

കൃത്യമായി സമയം അളക്കുവാനുള്ള ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ കണ്ടെത്തി. [16]

1750 മുതൽ 1799 വരെ[തിരുത്തുക]

വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1750 Edwards George 1693 1773.jpg ജോർജ് എഡ്വേർഡ്സ്


(George Edwards)

എ നാച്ചുറൽ ഹിസ്റ്ററി ഓഫ് ബേർഡ്സ് എന്ന ഗ്രന്ഥമെഴുതി. ഇതിൽ 209 പക്ഷികൾ, നാൽക്കാലി മൃഗങ്ങൾ, പാമ്പുകൾ, മത്സ്യങ്ങൾ, ഷഡ്പദങ്ങൾ, എന്നിവയുടെ ഇരുപതോളം വരുന്ന അപൂർവ്വയിനം സ്പീഷീസുകളെക്കുറിച്ച് ചിത്രങ്ങൾ സഹിതമുള്ള വിവരണങ്ങളുണ്ടായിരുന്നു. [17]
1751 John Canton from NPG.jpg ജോൺ കാന്റൺ


( John Canton)

സ്വാഭാവിക കാന്തങ്ങളുടെ സഹായമില്ലാതെ കൃത്രിമ കാന്തങ്ങൾ നിർമ്മിക്കുന്ന രീതികൾ [18]
1752 John Pringle.jpg ജോൺ പ്രിൻഗിൾ


( John Pringle)

സെപ്റ്റിക്, ആന്റി സെപ്റ്റിക് പദാർത്ഥങ്ങളിൽ നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [19]
1753 BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg ബെഞ്ചമിൻ ഫ്രാങ്ക്ലിൻ


( Benjamin Franklin)

വൈദ്യുതിയിലെ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [20]
1754 No image.svg വില്യം ലിവിസ്


( William Lewis)

സ്വർണ്ണത്തെ കൃത്രിമ അഭിരുചികളുള്ളതാക്കിത്തീർക്കുവാൻ പ്ലാന്റിനയിൽ നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [21]
1755 John Huxham1.jpg ജോൺ ഹക്സം


( John Huxham)

ആന്റിമണിയിൽ നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [22]
1756 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
No image.svg ലോർഡ് ചാൾസ് കാവൻഡിഷ്


( Lord Charles Cavendish)

തെർമോമീറ്റർ നിർമ്മാണം [14]
1758 John Dollond, by Benjamin Wilson.jpg ജോൺ ഡൊളൊണ്ട്


( John Dollond)

പ്രകാശത്തിൻറെ റിഫ്രാൻജിബിളിറ്റി സംബന്ധിച്ച നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [23]
1759 John Smeaton.jpg ജോൺ സ്മീറ്റൺ


( John Smeaton)

ജലവും കാറ്റുമുപയോഗിച്ച് മിൽ പ്രവർത്തിപ്പിക്കാൻ നടത്തിയ ശ്രമങ്ങൾ [24]
1760 Benjamin Wilson, by Benjamin Wilson.jpg ബെഞ്ചമിൻ വിൽസൺ


( Benjamin Wilson (painter))

വൈദ്യുതിയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [25]
1761 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1762 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1763 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1764 John Canton from NPG.jpg ജോൺ കാന്റൺ


( John Canton)

ജലത്തിന്റെയും മറ്റു ദ്രാവകങ്ങളുടെയും ചുരുങ്ങുവാനുള്ള കഴിവു തെളിയിക്കാൻ എയർ പമ്പിലും കണ്ടെൻസിങ് എഞ്ചിനിലും നടത്തിയ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [18]
1765 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1766 Cavendish Henry signature.jpg വില്യം ബ്രൗൺറിഗ്,

എഡ്വേർഡ് ഡെലവൽ,

ഹെൻറി കാവൻഡിഷ്
( William Brownrigg), Edward Delaval and

Henry Cavendish)

സ്പിരിറ്റിന്റെ പ്രത്യേകതകൾ കണ്ടെത്തുന്നതിനായി നടത്തിയ ശ്രമങ്ങൾ (ബ്രൗൺറിഗ്)

ലോഹങ്ങളുടെ സ്വഭാവത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് നടത്തിയ പഠനങ്ങൾ (ഡെലവൽ)

വായുവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ (കാവൻഡിഷ്)

[26]
1767 No image.svg ജോൺ എലിസ്


(John Ellis (naturalist))

കൊറാലിന, ആക്ടിനിയ സൊസിയേറ്റ തുടങ്ങിയ പുഷ്പങ്ങൾ മൃഗസ്വഭാവം പ്രദർശിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിനെ സംബന്ധിച്ച 1767-ലെ പ്രബന്ധം. [27]
1768 No image.svg പീറ്റർ വുൾഫ്


( Peter Woulfe)

ആസിഡ്, ആൽക്കലി എന്നിവയെ വാറ്റിയെടുക്കുന്നതുമായി പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [28]
1769 William Hewson b1739.jpg വില്യം ഹ്യൂസൺ


( William Hewson (surgeon))

ഉഭയ ജീവികളിലും മത്സ്യങ്ങളിലും ലിംഫ് വ്യവസ്ഥയെ സംബന്ധിച്ച പഠനം —
1770 Sir William Hamilton by David Allan.jpg വില്യം ഹാമിൽട്ടൺ


( William Hamilton (diplomat))

മൗണ്ട് എറ്റ്നയിലേക്കുള്ള യാത്ര സംബന്ധിച്ച പ്രബന്ധം [29]
1771 No image.svg മാത്യു റെയ്പർ


( Matthew Raper)

"For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money" —
1772 Priestley.jpg ജോസഫ് പ്രീസ്ലി


( Joseph Priestley)

വിവിധ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ
1773 No image.svg ജോൺ വാൽഷ്


( John Walsh (scientist))

"For his Paper on the Torpedo" [30]
1774 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1775 Maskelyne Nevil.jpg നെവിൽ മസ്കെലൈൻ


( Nevil Maskelyne)

പർവ്വതങ്ങളുടെ പഠനം [31]
1776 Captainjamescookportrait.jpg ജെയിംസ് കുക്ക്


( James Cook)

എച്ച്.എം. ഷിപ്പ് ദി റെസല്യൂഷൻ എന്ന കപ്പലിലെ ജോലിക്കാരുടെ ആരോഗ്യ സംരക്ഷിക്കുവാനുള്ള മാർഗ്ഗങ്ങൾ അവതരിപ്പിച്ചു [32]
1777 J.Mudge.jpg ജോൺ മഡ്ജ്


( John Mudge)

റിഫ്ലെക്ടിംഗ് ടെലിസ്കോപ്പിന്റെ നിർമ്മാണത്തിനുപയോഗിക്കുന്ന വസ്തുക്കൾ സംബന്ധിച്ച പഠനം —
1778 Charles Hutton.jpg ചാൾസ് ഹട്ടൺ


( Charles Hutton)

വെടിമരുന്ന്, പീരങ്കിയുണ്ടകൾ എന്നിവ സംബന്ധമായ പഠനങ്ങൾ [33]
1779 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1780 Samuel-Vince.jpg സാമുവൽ വിൻസ്


( Samuel Vince)

ഭ്രമണ ചലനം സംബന്ധിച്ച പ്രബന്ധം [34]
1781 William Herschel01.jpg വില്യം ഹെർഷൽ


( William Herschel)

നക്ഷത്ര പഠനം [35]
1782 Kirwan Richard portrait.jpg റിച്ചാർഡ് കിർവൻ


( Richard Kirwan)

രസതന്ത്ര മേഖലയിലെ സംഭാവനകൾ [34]
1783 Goodricke John.jpg ജോൺ ഗുഡ്റിക്,

തോമസ് ഹച്ചിൻസ്


( John Goodricke and Thomas Hutchins (naturalist))

ആൽഗോൾ നക്ഷത്രത്തിൻറെ പ്രകാശരശ്മികളുടെ ടൈം പീരിയഡിലെ വ്യത്യാസങ്ങൾ പഠിച്ചു.(ഗുഡ്റിക്)

മെർക്കുറി സംബന്ധമായ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ (ഹച്ചിൻസ്)

[34]
1784 Edwardwaring.jpg എഡ്വേർഡ് വേറിങ്


( Edward Waring)

ഗണിതശാസ്ത്രം മേഖലയിലെ സംഭാവനകൾ [36]
1785 No image.svg വില്യം റോയ്


( William Roy)

"For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath" [37]
1786 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1787 John Hunter by John Jackson.jpg ജോൺ ഹണ്ടർ


( John Hunter (surgeon))

തിമിംഗിലങ്ങളുടെ ആന്തരിക ഘടന, അണ്ഡാശയം, പട്ടി, കുറുക്കൻ, ചെന്നായ, എന്നിവയെ തിരിച്ചറിയാനുള്ള മാർഗ്ഗങ്ങൾ എന്നിവ സംബന്ധമായ പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ [38]
1788 Sir Charles Blagden Wellcome M0013989.jpg ചാൾസ് ബ്ലാഗ്ഡെൻ


( Charles Blagden)

ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ(വാല്യം 78) പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച 2 പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ (On Congeletion) [39]
1789 Thomas Lawrence - Portrait of William Morgan (1750-1833).jpg വില്യം മോർഗൻ


( William Morgan (actuary))

ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച 2 പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ.( on the values of Reversions and Survivorships) [40]
1790 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1791 James Rennel.png
Jean-André Deluc.jpg 		ജെയിംസ് റെനെൽ,

ജീൻ ആൻഡ്രേ ഡെലൂക്
( James Rennell and Jean-André Deluc)

ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ(വാല്യം 81) പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ (ഒട്ടകങ്ങളുടെ യാത്രയെ സംബന്ധിച്ച്) (റെനെൽ)

ഹൈഗ്രോമെട്രിയിലെ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ (ഡെലൂക്ക്)

[41]
1792 Benjamin Thompson.jpg ബെഞ്ചമിൻ തോംപ്സൺ


( Benjamin Thompson)

താപത്തിന്റെ സവിശേഷതകൾ സംബന്ധമായ പ്രബന്ധം [42]
1793 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1794 Volta A.jpg അലെക്സാണ്ട്രോ വോൾട്ട


( Alessandro Volta)

വിവിധ പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ [41]
1795 Jesse.Ramsden.jpg ജെസി റാംസ്ഡെൻ


( Jesse Ramsden)

ത്രികോണങ്ങൾ അളക്കുന്നതിനുള്ള ഉപകരണങ്ങളുടെ കണ്ടെത്തൽ [43]
1796 No image.svg ജോർജ് അറ്റ്വുഡ്


( George Atwood)

ജലോപരിതലത്തിലുള്ള വസ്തുക്കളുടെ സ്ഥാനം ജ്യാമിതി ഉപയോഗിച്ചു കണ്ടെത്തി. [44]
1797 No image.svg നൽകിയില്ല — —
1798 Charles Hatchett 2.jpg ജോർജ് ഷുക്ബെർഗ് ഇവ്ലൈൻ

ചാൾസ് ഹാച്ചെറ്റ്
( George Shuckburgh-Evelyn and Charles Hatchett)

ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ (ഇവ്ലിൻ)

രസതന്ത്രവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട് ഫിലോസഫിക്കൽ ട്രാൻസാക്ഷനിൽ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച പ്രബന്ധങ്ങൾ

[45]
1799 No image.svg ജോൺ ഹെലിൻസ്


( John Hellins)

ജ്യോതിശാസ്ത്രം സംബന്ധമായ പഠനം, ഗണിതശാസ്ത്രത്തിൽ നൽകിയ സംഭാവനകൾ [46]

1800 മുതൽ 1849 വരെ[തിരുത്തുക]

വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1800 പ്രമാണം:Edward Charles Howard.gif Howard, Edward CharlesEdward Charles Howard "For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury" [47]
1801 Astley Paston Cooper 4.jpg Cooper, AstleyAstley Cooper "For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness" [48]
1802 Wollaston William Hyde Jackson color.jpg Wollaston, William HydeWilliam Hyde Wollaston "For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" [49]
1803 Chenevix Richard.jpg Chenevix, RichardRichard Chenevix "For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions" [50]
1804 No image.svg Tennant, SmithsonSmithson Tennant "For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions" [51]
1805 Sir Humphry Davy, Bt by Thomas Phillips.jpg Davy, HumphryHumphry Davy "For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions" [52]
1806 No image.svg Knight, Thomas AndrewThomas Andrew Knight "For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" [53]
1807 No image.svg Home, EverardEverard Home "For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" —
1808 William Henry.jpg Henry, WilliamWilliam Henry "For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions" —
1809 No image.svg Troughton, EdwardEdward Troughton "For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions" [54]
1810 No image.svg No Award — —
1811 Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Bt 1856.jpg Brodie, Benjamin CollinsBenjamin Collins Brodie "For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons" [55]
1812 No image.svg No Award — —
1813 William Thomas Brande 1855.jpg Brande, William ThomasWilliam Thomas Brande "For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" —
1814 No image.svg Ivory, JamesJames Ivory "For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions" [56]
1815 David-Brewster.jpg Brewster, DavidDavid Brewster "For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies" [57]
1816 No image.svg No Award — —
1817 Henry Kater00.jpg Kater, HenryHenry Kater "For his Experiments on the Pendulum" [58]
1818 Robert Seppings (1767-1840), by William Bradley.jpg Seppings, RobertRobert Seppings "For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions" —
1819 No image.svg No Award — —
1820 Hans Christian Ørsted daguerreotype.jpg Hans Christian Ørsted "For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries" [59]
1821 പ്രമാണം:Edward Sabine 1860s.jpg
Julia Margaret Cameron - John Herschel (Metropolitan Museum of Art copy, restored) levels.jpg		 Sabine, EdwardEdward Sabine and

John Herschel

"For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions. (Sabine)"

"For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. (Herschel)"

[60]
1822 William Buckland c1845.jpg Buckland, WilliamWilliam Buckland "For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale" [61]
1823 No image.svg Pond, JohnJohn Pond "For his various Communications to the Royal Society" —
1824 No image.svg Brinkley, JohnJohn Brinkley "For his various Communications to the Royal Society" [62]
1825 Arago Francois portrait.jpg
Peter Barlow(math).jpg		 Arago, FrançoisFrançois Arago and Peter Barlow "For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago)"

"For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)"

[63]
1826 No image.svg South, JamesJames South "For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions" [64]
1827 Prout William painting.jpg Prout, WilliamWilliam Prout and

Henry Foster

"For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general. (Prout)"

"For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen. (Foster)"

[65]
1828 No image.svg No Award — —
1829 No image.svg No Award — —
1830 No image.svg No Award — —
1831 George Biddell Airy.jpg Airy, George BiddellGeorge Biddell Airy "For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" [66]
1832 Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg
Simeon Poisson.jpg		 Faraday, MichaelMichael Faraday and Siméon Denis Poisson "For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year. (Faraday)"

"For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire. (Poisson)"

[67]
1833 No image.svg No Award — —
1834 Giovanni Plana, ante 1864 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino Ritratti 0105 C.jpg Plana, Giovanni Antonio AmedeoGiovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana "For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune" [68]
1835 No image.svg Harris, William SnowWilliam Snow Harris "For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834" [52]
1836 Jöns Jacob Berzelius.jpg Berzelius, Jöns JacobJöns Jacob Berzelius and Francis Kiernan "For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works. (Berzelius)"

"For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833. (Kiernan)"

—
1837 Antoine Becquerel 2.jpg
Daniell chemist b.jpg		 Becquerel, Antoine CésarAntoine César Becquerel and

John Frederic Daniell

"For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires. (Becquerel)"

"For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836. (Daniell)"

[69]
1838 Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg
Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913.jpg		 Gauss, Carl FriedrichCarl Friedrich Gauss

and Michael Faraday

"For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism. (Gauss)"

"For his researches in specific electrical induction. (Faraday)"

[70]
1839 Robert Brown (botanist).jpg Brown, RobertRobert Brown "For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation" [71]
1840 Justus von Liebig NIH.jpg
Charles Sturm.jpeg		 von Liebig, JustusJustus von Liebig and

Jacques Charles François Sturm

"For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals. (Liebig)"

"For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835. (Sturm)"

[72][73]
1841 Georg Simon Ohm3.jpg Ohm, GeorgGeorg Ohm "For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet" [74]
1842 James MacCullagh.png MacCullagh, JamesJames MacCullagh "For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy" [75]
1843 Jean Baptiste André Dumas.jpg Dumas, Jean-BaptisteJean-Baptiste Dumas "For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements" —
1844 Carlo Matteucci.jpeg Matteucci, CarloCarlo Matteucci "For his various researches in animal electricity" [76]
1845 Theodor Schwann Litho.jpg Schwann, TheodorTheodor Schwann "For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen" —
1846 Urbain Le Verrier.jpg Le Verrier, UrbainUrbain Le Verrier "For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation" [77]
1847 Julia Margaret Cameron - John Herschel (Metropolitan Museum of Art copy, restored).jpg Herschel, JohnJohn Herschel "For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825" [60]
1848 John Couch Adams.jpg Adams, John CouchJohn Couch Adams "For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto" [78]
1849 Murchison Roderick.jpg Murchison, RoderickRoderick Murchison "For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains" —
1850 P.A.Hansen.jpg Hansen, Peter AndreasPeter Andreas Hansen "For his researches in physical astronomy" [52]

1850 മുതൽ 1899 വരെ[തിരുത്തുക]

വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1850 P.A.Hansen.jpg Hansen, Peter AndreasPeter Andreas Hansen "For his researches in physical astronomy" [52]
1851 Richard-owen2.jpg Owen, RichardRichard Owen "On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works" [79]
1852 AvHumboldt.jpg von Humboldt, AlexanderAlexander von Humboldt "For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years" [80]
1853 Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 1857.jpg Dove, Heinrich WilhelmHeinrich Wilhelm Dove "For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth" —
1854 Johannes Peter Müller.jpg Müller, Johannes PeterJohannes Peter Müller "For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin" [81]
1855 Foucault.jpg Foucault, LéonLéon Foucault "For his various researches in experimental physics" [52]
1856 Henri Milne-Edwards.jpg Milne-Edwards, HenriHenri Milne-Edwards "For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology" —
1857 Michel Eugène Chevreul 2.jpg Chevreul, Michel EugèneMichel Eugène Chevreul "For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours" [52]
1858 Charles Lyell00.jpg Lyell, CharlesCharles Lyell "For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology" [52]
1859 Wilhelm Eduard Weber II.jpg Weber, Wilhelm EduardWilhelm Eduard Weber "For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics" [82]
1860 Robert Bunsen 02.jpg Bunsen, RobertRobert Bunsen "For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches" [52]
1861 Louis Agassiz H6.jpg Agassiz, LouisLouis Agassiz "For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse" [52]
1862 Thomas Graham by Maull & Polybank, 1856.jpg Graham, ThomasThomas Graham "For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861" [83]
1863 Adam Sedgwick.jpg Sedgwick, AdamAdam Sedgwick "For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire" [84]
1864 Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg Darwin, CharlesCharles Darwin "For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology" [52]
1865 Michel Chasles.jpg Chasles, MichelMichel Chasles "For his historical and original researches in pure geometry" [85]
1866 Julius Plücker.jpg Plücker, JuliusJulius Plücker "For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis" [86]
1867 Voyages de la Commission scientifique du Nord, en Scandinavie, en Laponie, au Spitzberg et aux Feröe - no-nb digibok 2009040211001-118.jpg von Baer, Karl ErnstKarl Ernst von Baer "For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology" [52]
1868 Wheatstone Charles drawing 1868.jpg Wheatstone, CharlesCharles Wheatstone "For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism" [52]
1869 Henri Victor Regnault.jpg Regnault, Henri VictorHenri Victor Regnault "For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours" [52]
1870 Joule James sitting.jpg Joule, James PrescottJames Prescott Joule "For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat" [52]
1871 Julius Robert Mayer von Friedrich Berrer.jpg von Mayer, JuliusJulius von Mayer "For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat" [52]
1872 Friedrich Wöhler Stich.jpg Wöhler, FriedrichFriedrich Wöhler "For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones" [52]
1873 Hermann von Helmholtz.jpg von Helmholtz, HermannHermann von Helmholtz "For his researches in physics and physiology" [87]
1874 Louis Pasteur, foto av Paul Nadar, Crisco edit.jpg Pasteur, LouisLouis Pasteur "For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine" [52]
1875 Hoffman August Wilhelm von.jpg von Hofmann, August WilhelmAugust Wilhelm von Hofmann "For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia" [88]
1876 Claude Bernard.jpg Bernard, ClaudeClaude Bernard "For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology" [52]
1877 James Dwight Dana by Warren, 1865.jpg Dana, James DwightJames Dwight Dana "For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published" [52]
1878 Jean Baptiste JD Boussingault.jpg Boussingault, Jean-BaptisteJean-Baptiste Boussingault "For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry" [89]
1879 Clausius.jpg Clausius, RudolfRudolf Clausius "For his well-known researches upon heat" [90]
1880 James Joseph Sylvester.jpg Sylvester, James JosephJames Joseph Sylvester "For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics" [91]
1881 Charles-Adolphe Wurtz.jpg Wurtz, Charles-AdolpheCharles-Adolphe Wurtz "For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry" —
1882 Arthur Cayley.jpg Cayley, ArthurArthur Cayley "For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics" [92]
1883 Lord Kelvin photograph.jpg Thomson, WilliamWilliam Thomson "For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics" [93]
1884 Carl Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig.jpg Ludwig, CarlCarl Ludwig "For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science" —
1885 Frkekulé.jpg Kekulé, AugustAugust Kekulé "For his researches in organic chemistry" [52]
1886 Franz Ernst Neumann by Carl Steffeck 1886.jpg Neumann, Franz ErnstFranz Ernst Neumann "For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics" [94]
1887 Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker.jpg Hooker, Joseph DaltonJoseph Dalton Hooker "For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller" [52]
1888 T.H.Huxley(Woodburytype).jpg Huxley, Thomas HenryThomas Henry Huxley "For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years" [52]
1889 GeorgeSalmon(1819-1904).jpg Salmon, GeorgeGeorge Salmon "For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author" [95]
1890 Simon Newcomb 01.jpg Newcomb, SimonSimon Newcomb "For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy" [96]
1891 Stanislao Cannizzaro 01 (cropped).jpg Cannizzaro, StanislaoStanislao Cannizzaro "For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory" [52]
1892 Rudolf Virchow NLM3.jpg Virchow, RudolfRudolf Virchow "For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology" [52]
1893 Ggstokes.jpg Stokes, GeorgeGeorge Stokes "For his researches and discoveries in physical science" [97]
1894 Frankland Edward 26.jpg Frankland, EdwardEdward Frankland "For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry" [98]
1895 Karl Weierstrass.jpg Weierstrass, KarlKarl Weierstrass "For his investigations in pure mathematics" [99]
1896 Gegenbaur.jpg Gegenbaur, KarlKarl Gegenbaur "For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc" —
1897 Kolliker2.jpg von Kölliker, AlbertAlbert von Kölliker "In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist" —
1898 Sir William Huggins by John Collier.jpg Huggins, WilliamWilliam Huggins "For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies" [52]
1899 John William Strutt.jpg Rayleigh, LordLord Rayleigh "In recognition of his contributions to physical science" [100]

1900 മുതൽ 1950 വരെ[തിരുത്തുക]

വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1900 Marcellin Berthelot.jpg Berthelot, MarcellinMarcellin Berthelot "For his brilliant services to chemical science" [52]
1901 Josiah Willard Gibbs -from MMS-.jpg Gibbs, Josiah WillardJosiah Willard Gibbs "For his contributions to mathematical physics" [101]
1902 Joseph Lister 1902.jpg Lister, JosephJoseph Lister "In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery" [102]
1903 Eduard Sueß.jpg Suess, EduardEduard Suess "For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'" [102]
1904 PSM V10 D660 William Crookes.jpg Crookes, WilliamWilliam Crookes "For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects" [102]
1905 DIMendeleevCab.jpg Mendeleev, DmitriDmitri Mendeleev "For his contributions to chemical and physical science" [102]
1906 Ilya Mechnikov nobel.jpg Metchnikoff, ÉlieÉlie Metchnikoff "On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology" [102]
1907 Albert Abraham Michelson2.jpg Michelson, Albert AbrahamAlbert Abraham Michelson "On the ground of his investigations in optics" [102]
1908 Alfred-Russel-Wallace-c1895.jpg Wallace, Alfred RusselAlfred Russel Wallace "On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection" [102]
1909 Hill1905.jpg Hill, George WilliamGeorge William Hill "On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy" [102]
1910 Francis Galton 1850s.jpg Galton, FrancisFrancis Galton "On the ground of his researches in heredity" [102]
1911 George Darwin sepia tone.jpg Darwin, GeorgeGeorge Darwin "On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects" [102]
1912 Felix Klein.jpeg Klein, FelixFelix Klein "On the ground of his researches in mathematics" [103]
1913 Ray Lankester.png Lankester, RayRay Lankester "On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him" [104]
1914 J.J Thomson.jpg Thomson, Joseph JohnJoseph John Thomson "On the ground of his discoveries in physical science" [102]
1915 Ivan Pavlov NLM3.jpg Pavlov, IvanIvan Pavlov "On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system" [102]
1916 James Dewar.jpg Dewar, JamesJames Dewar "For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases" [102]
1917 Pierre Paul Émile Roux 2.jpg Roux, Pierre Paul ÉmilePierre Paul Émile Roux "On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy" [105]
1918 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg Lorentz, HendrikHendrik Lorentz "On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics" [102]
1919 പ്രമാണം:WilliamBayliss1.jpg Bayliss, WilliamWilliam Bayliss "On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics" [102]
1920 No image.svg Brown, Horace TabbererHorace Tabberer Brown "On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c" [106]
1921 No image.svg Larmor, JosephJoseph Larmor "For his researches in mathematical physics" [107]
1922 Sir Ernest Rutherford.jpg Rutherford, ErnestErnest Rutherford "For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure" [102]
1923 Lamb Horace bw.jpg Lamb, HoraceHorace Lamb "For his researches in mathematical physics" [108]
1924 PSM V79 D521 Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer.png Sharpey-Schafer, Edward AlbertEdward Albert Sharpey-Schafer "For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences" —
1925 Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg Einstein, AlbertAlbert Einstein "For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory" [102]
1926 Frederick Gowland Hopkins nobel.jpg Hopkins, Frederick GowlandFrederick Gowland Hopkins "For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry" [109]
1927 Prof. Charles Scott Sherrington.jpg Sherrington, Charles ScottCharles Scott Sherrington "For his distinguished work on neurology" [110]
1928 Charles Algernon Parsons.jpg Parsons, Charles AlgernonCharles Algernon Parsons "For his contributions to engineering science" —
1929 Max Planck 1933.jpg Planck, MaxMax Planck "For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory" [111]
1930 Wh-bragg.jpg Bragg, William HenryWilliam Henry Bragg "For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity" [112]
1931 Schuster Arthur signature.jpg Schuster, ArthurArthur Schuster "For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism" [113]
1932 Portrait of George Ellery Hale.jpg Hale, George ElleryGeorge Ellery Hale "For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory" [114]
1933 Theobald Smith.jpg Smith, TheobaldTheobald Smith "For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man" [115]
1934 John Scott Haldane 1910.jpg Haldane, John ScottJohn Scott Haldane "In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering" [116]
1935 CTR Wilson.jpg Wilson, Charles Thomson ReesCharles Thomson Rees Wilson "For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties" [117]
1936 SirArthurEvans.JPG Evans, ArthurArthur Evans "In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age" [118]
1937 Henry Dale nobel.jpg Dale, HenryHenry Dale "In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems" [119]
1938 Niels Bohr.jpg Bohr, NielsNiels Bohr "In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure" [120]
1939 Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg Morgan, Thomas HuntThomas Hunt Morgan "For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution" [121]
1940 Langevin.jpg Langevin, PaulPaul Langevin "For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics" [122]
1941 No image.svg Lewis, ThomasThomas Lewis "For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart" [123]
1942 Robert Robinson organic chemist.jpg Robinson, RobertRobert Robinson "For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry" [124]
1943 No image.svg Barcroft, JosephJoseph Barcroft "For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood" [125]
1944 Taylor, G. I.G. I. Taylor "For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications" [126]
1945 Oswald T. Avery portrait 1937.jpg Avery, OswaldOswald Avery "For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases" [127]
1946 Edgar Douglas Adrian nobel.jpg Adrian, EdgarEdgar Adrian "For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions" [128]
1947 Ghhardy@72.jpg Hardy, G. H.G. H. Hardy "For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years" [129]
1948 Archibald Vivian Hill.jpg Hill, ArchibaldArchibald Hill "For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues" [130]
1949 George de Hevesy.jpg de Hevesy, GeorgeGeorge de Hevesy "For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes" [131]

1950 മുതൽ 1999 വരെ[തിരുത്തുക]

വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
1950 James Chadwick.jpg Chadwick, JamesJames Chadwick "For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron" [132]
1951 No image.svg Keilin, DavidDavid Keilin "For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes" [133]
1952 Paul Dirac, 1933.jpg Dirac, PaulPaul Dirac "In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics" [134]
1953 No image.svg Kluyver, AlbertAlbert Kluyver "For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology" —
1954 Whittaker, E. T.E. T. Whittaker "For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics" [135]
1955 Fisher, RonaldRonald Fisher "In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology" [136]
1956 Blackett-large.jpg Blackett, PatrickPatrick Blackett "In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism" —
1957 Howard Walter Florey 1945.jpg Florey, HowardHoward Florey "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine" [137]
1958 No image.svg Littlewood, John EdensorJohn Edensor Littlewood "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations" [138]
1959 Burnet 2jpg.jpg Burnet, Frank MacfarlaneFrank Macfarlane Burnet "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology" [139]
1960 പ്രമാണം:Harold Jeffreys, Sir.jpg Jeffreys, HaroldHarold Jeffreys "In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy" [140]
1961 Hans Adolf Krebs.jpg Krebs, Hans AdolfHans Adolf Krebs "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles" [141] s
1962 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nobel.jpg Hinshelwood, Cyril NormanCyril Norman Hinshelwood "In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy" [142]
1963 No image.svg Fildes, PaulPaul Fildes "In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology." —
1964 Sydney Chapman.jpg Chapman, SydneySydney Chapman "In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis" [143]
1965 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin nobel.jpg Hodgkin, Alan LloydAlan Lloyd Hodgkin "In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology" —
1966 Wl-bragg.jpg Bragg, William LawrenceWilliam Lawrence Bragg "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction" [102]
1967 No image.svg Katz, BernardBernard Katz "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction" —
1968 Thadeus Reichstein ETH-Bib Portr 10137.jpg Reichstein, TadeusTadeus Reichstein "In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids" —
1969 Peter Brian Medawar.jpg Medawar, PeterPeter Medawar "In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance" [102]
1970 Alexander Todd Nobel.jpg Todd, Alexander R.Alexander R. Todd "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types" [102]
1971 No image.svg Pirie, NormanNorman Pirie "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses" —
1972 Mott, Nevill FrancisNevill Francis Mott "In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics" [102]
1973 Andrew Fielding Huxley nobel.jpg Huxley, AndrewAndrew Huxley "In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction" —
1974 No image.svg Hodge, W. V. D.W. V. D. Hodge "In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals" [144]
1975 Francis Crick crop.jpg Crick, FrancisFrancis Crick "In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology" [102]
1976 Dorothy Hodgkin Nobel.jpg Hodgkin, DorothyDorothy Hodgkin "In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin" [102]
1977 Frederick Sanger2.jpg Sanger, FrederickFrederick Sanger "In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids" [102]
1978 പ്രമാണം:Robert Woodward Nobel.jpg Woodward, Robert BurnsRobert Burns Woodward "In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry" [102]
1979 Max Perutz.jpg Perutz, MaxMax Perutz "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject" [102]
1980 No image.svg Barton, DerekDerek Barton "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and , in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry" [102]
1981 Mitchell, Peter D.Peter D. Mitchell "In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction" [102]
1982 Cornforth, JohnJohn Cornforth "In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules" [145]
1983 Porter, Rodney RobertRodney Robert Porter "In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins" —
1984 Chandrasekhar, SubrahmanyanSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar "In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity" [146]
1985 Aaron Klug 1979.jpg Klug, AaronAaron Klug "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them" —
1986 Peierls, RudolfRudolf Peierls "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials" —
1987 Hill, RobinRobin Hill "In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis" —
1988 Michael Francis Atiyah.jpg Atiyah, MichaelMichael Atiyah "In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics" [147]
1989 Milstein lnp.jpg Milstein, CésarCésar Milstein "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response" —
1990 Salam, AbdusAbdus Salam "In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces" [148]
1991 EMLederberg GStent SBrenner JLederberg 1965 wiki.jpg Brenner, SydneySydney Brenner "In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project" —
1992 George Porter Nobel.jpg Porter, GeorgeGeorge Porter "In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology" [149]
1993 James D Watson.jpg Watson, JamesJames Watson "In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome" [150]
1994 No image.svg Frank, Frederick CharlesFrederick Charles Frank "In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems" —
1995 പ്രമാണം:Professor Frank Fenner.jpg Fenner, FrankFrank Fenner "In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease" —
1996 No image.svg Cottrell, AlanAlan Cottrell "In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects" [151]
1997 No image.svg Huxley, HughHugh Huxley "In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology" —
1998 പ്രമാണം:Lighthill 3.jpeg Lighthill, JamesJames Lighthill "In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his ground-breaking work on both external bio-fluid-dynamics – analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying – and internal bio-fluid-dynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing" [152]
1999 John Maynard Smith.jpg Smith, John MaynardJohn Maynard Smith "In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth" [153]

2000-നു ശേഷം[തിരുത്തുക]

വർഷം ചിത്രം പേര് സംഭാവനകൾ കുറിപ്പുകൾ
2000 No image.svg Battersby, Alan R.Alan R. Battersby "In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B12" —
2001 No image.svg Miller, JacquesJacques Miller "For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells" —
2002 No image.svg Pople, JohnJohn Pople "For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology" [154]
2003 John Gurdon Cambridge 2012.JPG Gurdon, JohnJohn Gurdon "For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology" —
2004 Harold Kroto 1c389 8471.sweden.jpg Kroto, HarryHarry Kroto "in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science" [155]
2005 Paul Nurse portrait.jpg Nurse, PaulPaul Nurse "for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division." —
2006 Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg Hawking, StephenStephen Hawking "For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. " [32]
2007 BobMayHarvard.jpg May, RobertRobert May "for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance." —
2008 Roger Penrose-6Nov2005.jpg Penrose, RogerRoger Penrose "for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang." —
2009 Martin Evans Nobel Prize.jpg Evans, MartinMartin Evans "for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics." —
2010 Nci-vol-8182-300 david cox.jpg Cox, DavidDavid Cox "for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics." [156]
No image.svg Lindahl, TomasTomas Lindahl "for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair." [156]
2011 No image.svg McKenzie, DanDan McKenzie "For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates." —
2012 No image.svg Walker, JohnJohn Walker "For his ground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion." [156]
2013 Andre Geim 2010-1.jpg Geim, AndreAndre Geim "For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures." —
2014 Alec Jeffreys.jpg Jeffreys, AlecAlec Jeffreys "For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome." [157]
2015 Higgs, Peter (1929)3.jpg Higgs, PeterPeter Higgs "For his fundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider." [158]

അവലംബം[തിരുത്തുക]

  1. ↑ "The Copley Medal (1731)". The Royal Society. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-04.
  2. ↑ "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-04.
  3. ↑ "Copley archive winners 1799–1731". The Royal Society. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-04.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Copley Medal". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-06-30-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-04.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  7. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  8. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  9. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  10. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  11. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  12. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  13. ↑ "Robins biography". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-06-21-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Jungnickel, Christa (1996). Cavendish. DIANE publishing. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  15. ↑ "Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – James Bradley". Florida State University. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  16. ↑ Jungnickel, Christa (1996). Cavendish. DIANE publishing. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  17. ↑ "RCP Heritage – George Edwards". Royal College of Physicians. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2007-10-05-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Jungnickel, Christa (1996). Cavendish. DIANE publishing. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  19. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  20. ↑ "Franklin_Benjamin biography". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-04-05-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  21. ↑ Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester University Press. 1969. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  22. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  23. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  24. ↑ "Engineering Timelines – John Smeaton". Engineering Timelines. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  25. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  26. ↑ "The British Society for the History of Mathematics". British Society for the History of Mathematics. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-06.
  27. ↑ "AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England Ellis, John (c 1710–1776)". Aim25. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-06-30-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  28. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Woulfe, Peter". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  29. ↑ "Making and circulating knowledge through Sir William Hamilton's Campi Plhegraei" (PDF). The British Society for the History of Science. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  30. ↑ "Berkshire History: Biographies: Lieut-Col. John Walsh (1726–1795)". Nash Ford Publishing. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  31. ↑ "Maskelyne biography". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-11-12-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal". Trinity College, Cambridge. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2008-12-05-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-07.
  33. ↑ "Hutton summary". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-06-21-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "Digital Collections – Manuscripts – Item 15a – 15z, 15(1) – 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778–1796". National Library of Australia. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  35. ↑ "Friedrich William Herschel". Florida State University. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-07.
  36. ↑ "Waring summary". University of St Andrews. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  37. ↑ "William Roy". Electric Scotland. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  38. ↑ "John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery' – HemOnc Today". HemOnc Today. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-08. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  39. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  40. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Morgan, William (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Copley Medal | Royal Society". https://royalsociety.org. The Royal Society. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 18 February 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  42. ↑ "Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-08.
  43. ↑ "Ramsden summary". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-04-04-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  44. ↑ "Attwood summary". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-04-05-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  45. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  46. ↑ "British Society for the History of Mathematics". University of Warwick. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-29.
  47. ↑ Sears, Derek. "Edward Charles Howard" (PDF). University of Arkansas. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-03.
  48. ↑ "Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768–1841)". Aim25. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2011-06-06-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-03.
  49. ↑ "Wollaston". Hebrew University of Jerusalem. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2009-04-08-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-08.
  50. ↑ Griffith, WP. "PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals". Platinum Metals Review. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-04-19-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-03.
  51. ↑ Griffith, WP. "PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals". Platinum Metals Review. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-04-20-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-03.
  52. ↑ 52.00 52.01 52.02 52.03 52.04 52.05 52.06 52.07 52.08 52.09 52.10 52.11 52.12 52.13 52.14 52.15 52.16 52.17 52.18 52.19 52.20 52.21 52.22 52.23 52.24 52.25 "Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  53. ↑ Darrow, GM. "Early Breeding in Europe". United States National Agricultural Library. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-03-20-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-03.
  54. ↑ "Troughton Summary". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-06-21-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-30.
  55. ↑ Buchanan, W.W. "Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862)". British Society for Rheumatology. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-05.
  56. ↑ "Ivory summary". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-06-21-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-30.
  57. ↑ "Sir David Brewster (1781–1868)". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2008-11-04-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-05.
  58. ↑ "Henry Kater (1777–1835), Scientist". National Portrait Gallery. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-05.
  59. ↑ "SpringerLink – Book Chapter". SpringerLink. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2012-10-06-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-08.
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  63. ↑ "Arago summary". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-10-24-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-01-30.
  64. ↑ "Lake County Astronomical Society". Lake County Astronomical Society. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2008-06-04-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-05.
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  72. ↑ Brock, William H. (2002). Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper. Cambridge University Press. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
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  124. ↑ "Sir Robert Robinson – Biography". nobelprize.org. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
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  126. ↑ "Taylor_Geoffrey summay". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-06-21-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-05.
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  128. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  129. ↑ "Hardy summary". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-10-24-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-05.
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  132. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
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  140. ↑ "Jeffreys summary". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-06-21-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-05.
  141. ↑ "Sir Hans Adolf Krebs". nobel-winners.com. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-05.
  142. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  143. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  144. ↑ "Hodge summary". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2012-12-30-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-05.
  145. ↑ "Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth – Alumni & Friends". University of Sydney. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  146. ↑ "Chandrasekhar biography". University of St Andrews. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  147. ↑ "Atiyah biography". University of St Andrews. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2013-04-05-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  148. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  149. ↑ "Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed)". Oxford University Press. 2004. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  150. ↑ "Copley Medal". Royal Society website. The Royal Society. ശേഖരിച്ചത് April 19, 2013.
  151. ↑ "MRS Website: Award Presentations". Materials Research Society. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2020-05-23-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
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  153. ↑ "John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920 – April 19, 2004". Genetics. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  154. ↑ "Obituary: John A. Pople". The Observer. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  155. ↑ "FSU highlights". Florida State University. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2009-02-15.
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 Two medals were awarded to celebrate the Society's 350th anniversary: "Recent award winners 2010". The Royal Society. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 2010-10-06.
  157. ↑ "Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize". Leicester Mercury. 5 August 2014. മൂലതാളിൽ നിന്നും 2015-05-16-ന് ആർക്കൈവ് ചെയ്തത്. ശേഖരിച്ചത് 5 August 2014.
  158. ↑ Copley Medal 2015
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