മീഡിയൻ ലീതൽ ഡോസ്
വിഷശാസ്ത്രത്തിൽ ഒരു വിഷത്തിന്റെയോ വിഷവസ്തുവിന്റെയോ റേഡിയേഷന്റെയോ മരണകാരണമാകാവുന്ന അളവിനെയാണ് മീഡിയൻ ലീതൽ ഡോസ് (the median lethal dose), LD50 ( "lethal dose, 50%" - എന്നതിന്റെ ചുരുക്കെഴുത്ത്), LC50 (lethal concentration, 50% -എന്നതിന്റെ ചുരുക്കെഴുത്ത്) അല്ലെങ്കിൽ LCt50. പരീക്ഷണവിധേയമായ സഞ്ചയത്തിലെ എണ്ണത്തിന്റെ പകുതിയെ പരീക്ഷണത്തിനുതീരുമാനിക്കുന്ന സമയത്തിനുള്ളിൽ കൊല്ലാനുള്ള ഡോസ് ആണ് LD50. LD50 വിവരങ്ങൾ ഒരു പദാർത്ഥത്തിന്റെ മാരകഅളവിനെ കുറിക്കാൻ മിക്കവാറും ഉപയോഗിച്ചുവരുന്നു. LD50 - ന്റെ വില കുറവാണെങ്കിൽ വിഷശക്തി കൂടുതലായിരിക്കും.
Conventions
[തിരുത്തുക]പരിമിതികൾ
[തിരുത്തുക]ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ
[തിരുത്തുക]Note: വസ്തുക്കളുടെ (പ്രത്യേകിച്ച് മരുന്നുകൾ) പരസ്പരം LD50 താരതമ്യം ചെയ്യുന്നത് പല കേസുകളിലും (ഭാഗികമായി) ഫലപ്രദമായ ഡോസിലെ വ്യത്യാസങ്ങൾ (ED50) വഴി തെറ്റിദ്ധരിപ്പിക്കുന്നതാണ്. അതിനാൽ, അത്തരം പദാർത്ഥങ്ങളെ ചികിത്സാ സൂചിക ഉപയോഗിച്ച് താരതമ്യം ചെയ്യുന്നത് കൂടുതൽ ഉപയോഗപ്രദമാണ്. ഇത് LD50 മുതൽ ED50 വരെയുള്ള അനുപാതമാണ്.
The following examples are listed in reference to LD50 values, in descending order, and accompanied by LC50 values, {bracketed}, when appropriate.
Substance | Animal, Route | LD50 {LC50} |
LD50 : g/kg {LC50 : g/L} standardized |
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Water | rat, oral | >90,000 mg/kg | >90 | [1] |
Sucrose (table sugar) | rat, oral | 29,700 mg/kg | 29.7 | [2] |
Glucose (blood sugar) | rat, oral | 25,800 mg/kg | 25.8 | [3] |
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) | rat, oral | 16,600 mg/kg | 16.6 | [4] |
Stevioside (from stevia) | mice & rats, oral | >15,000 mg/kg | 15 | [5] |
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | rat, oral | 11,900 mg/kg | 11.9 | [6] |
Lactose (milk sugar) | rat, oral | >10,000 mg/kg | 10.0 | [7] |
Aspartame | mice, oral | >10,000 mg/kg | 10.0 | [8] |
Urea | rat, oral | 8,471 mg/kg | 8.471 | [9] |
Cyanuric acid | rat, oral | 7,700 mg/kg | 7.7 | [10] |
Cadmium sulfide | rat, oral | 7,080 mg/kg | 7.08 | [11] |
Ethanol (Grain alcohol) | rat, oral | 7,060 mg/kg | 7.06 | [12] |
Sodium isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA, metabolite of sarin) | rat, oral | 6,860 mg/kg | 6.86 | [13] |
Melamine | rat, oral | 6,000 mg/kg | 6 | [10] |
Methanol | rat, oral | 5,628 mg/kg | 5.628 | [14] |
Taurine | rat, oral | >5,000 mg/kg | 5.0 | [15] |
Melamine cyanurate | rat, oral | 4,100 mg/kg | 4.1 | [10] |
Fructose (fruit sugar) | rat, oral | 4,000 mg/kg | 4 | [16] |
Sodium molybdate | rat, oral | 4,000 mg/kg | 4 | [17] |
Sodium chloride (table salt) | rat, oral | 3,000 mg/kg | 3 | [18] |
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) | mouse, oral | 338 mg/kg | 0.338 | [19] |
Synthetic Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) + Polysorbate 80 | rat, oral | 1270 mg/kg | 1.27 | [20] |
Cannabidiol (CBD) | rat, oral [അവലംബം ആവശ്യമാണ്] | 980 mg/kg | 0.98 | [21] |
Metallic Arsenic | rat, oral | 763 mg/kg | 0.763 | [22] |
Ibuprofen | rat, oral | 636 mg/kg | 0.636 | [23] |
Formaldehyde | rat, oral | 600–800 mg/kg | 0.600 | [24] |
Alkyl dimethyl benzalkonium chloride (ADBAC) | rat, oral fish, immersion aquatic invertebrates, immersion |
304.5 mg/kg {0.28 mg/L} {0.059 mg/L} |
0.3045 {0.00028} {0.000059} |
[25] |
Coumarin (benzopyrone, from Cinnamomum aromaticum and other plants) | rat, oral | 293 mg/kg | 0.293 | [26] |
Psilocybin (from magic mushrooms) | mouse, oral | 280 mg/kg | 0.280 | [27] |
Hydrochloric acid | rat, oral | 238–277 mg/kg | 0.238 | [28] |
Ketamine | rat, intraperitoneal | 229 mg/kg | 0.229 | [29] |
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) | rat, oral | 200 mg/kg | 0.2 | [30] |
Caffeine | rat, oral | 192 mg/kg | 0.192 | [31] |
Arsenic trisulfide | rat, oral | 185–6,400 mg/kg | 0.185–6.4 | [32] |
Sodium nitrite | rat, oral | 180 mg/kg | 0.18 | [33] |
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) | rat, oral | 160 mg/kg | 0.18 | [34] |
Uranyl acetate dihydrate | mouse, oral | 136 mg/kg | 0.136 | [35] |
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) | mouse, oral | 135 mg/kg | 0.135 | [36] |
Uranium | mice, oral | 114 mg/kg (estimated) | 0.114 | [37] |
Bisoprolol | mouse, oral | 100 mg/kg | 0.1 | [38] |
Cocaine | mouse, oral | 96 mg/kg | 0.096 | [39] |
Cobalt(II) chloride | rat, oral | 80 mg/kg | 0.08 | [40] |
Cadmium oxide | rat, oral | 72 mg/kg | 0.072 | [41] |
Thiopental sodium (used in lethal injection) | rat, oral | 64 mg/kg | 0.064 | [42] |
Methamphetamine | rat, intraperitoneal | 57 mg/kg | 0.057 | [43] |
Sodium fluoride | rat, oral | 52 mg/kg | 0.052 | [44] |
Pentaborane | human, oral | <50 mg/kg | <0.05 | [45] |
Capsaicin | mouse, oral | 47.2 mg/kg | 0.0472 | [46] |
Mercury(II) chloride | rat, dermal | 41 mg/kg | 0.041 | [47] |
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | rat, oral | 37 mg/kg | 0.037 | [48] |
Piperidine (from black pepper) | rat, oral | 30 mg/kg | 0.030 | [49] |
Heroin (diamorphine) | mouse, intravenous | 21.8 mg/kg | 0.0218 | [50] |
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) | rat, intravenous | 16.5 mg/kg | 0.0165 | [51] |
Arsenic trioxide | rat, oral | 14 mg/kg | 0.014 | [52] |
Metallic Arsenic | rat, intraperitoneal | 13 mg/kg | 0.013 | [53] |
Nicotine | human, oral
mice, oral |
6.5–13.0 mg/kg (estimated)
3.34 mg/kg |
0.0065–0.013
0.0034 |
[54] |
Sodium cyanide | rat, oral | 6.4 mg/kg | 0.0064 | [56] |
Hydrogen cyanide | mouse, oral | 3.7 mg/kg | 0.0037 | [57] |
Chlorotoxin (CTX, from scorpions) | mice | 4.3 mg/kg | 0.0043 | [58] |
White phosphorus | rat, oral | 3.03 mg/kg | 0.00303 | [59] |
Strychnine | human, oral | 1–2 mg/kg (estimated) | 0.001 | [60] |
Cantharidin (from blister beetles) | human, oral | 500 µg/kg | 0.0005 | |
Aflatoxin B1 (from Aspergillus flavus mold) | rat, oral | 480 µg/kg | 0.00048 | [61] |
Plutonium | dog, intravenous | 320 µg/kg | 0.00032 | [62] |
Amatoxin (from Amanita phalloides mushrooms) | rat | 300-700 µg/kg | 0.0007 | [63] |
Tetrodotoxin (TTX, from blue-ringed octopus) | mice, oral | 334 µg/kg | 0.000334 | [64] |
Fentanyl | monkey | 300 µg/kg | 0.0003 | [65] |
Bufotoxin (from Bufo toads) | cat, intravenous | 300 µg/kg | 0.000300 | [66] |
Sarin | mouse, subcutaneous injection | 172 µg/kg | 0.000172 | [67] |
Robustoxin (from Sydney funnel-web spider) | mice | 150 µg/kg | 0.000150 | [68] |
VX | human, oral, inhalation, absorption through skin/eyes | 140 µg/kg (estimated) | 0.00014 | [69] |
Venom of the Brazilian wandering spider | rat, subcutaneous | 134 µg/kg | 0.000134 | [70] |
Venom of the Inland Taipan (Australian snake) | rat, subcutaneous | 25 µg/kg | 0.000025 | [71] |
Ricin (from castor oil plant) | rat, intraperitoneal rat, oral |
22 μg/kg 20–30 mg/kg |
0.000022 0.02 |
[72] |
Carfentanil | human, oral | 20 µg/kg | 0.00002 | [73] |
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD, in Agent Orange) | rat, oral | 20 µg/kg | 0.00002 | [74] |
CrTX-A (from box jellyfish venom) | crayfish, intraperitoneal | 5 µg/kg | 0.000005 | [75] |
Latrotoxin (from widow spider venom) | mice | 4.3 µg/kg | 0.0000043 | [76] |
Batrachotoxin (from poison dart frog) | human, sub-cutaneous injection | 2–7 µg/kg (estimated) | 0.000002 | [77] |
Abrin (from rosary pea) | mice, intravenously
human, inhalation human, oral |
0.7 µg/kg
3.3 µg/kg 10–1000 µg/kg |
0.0000007
0.0000033 0.00001–0.001 |
|
Maitotoxin (from ciguateric fish) | mouse, intraperitoneal | 0.13 µg/kg | 0.00000013 | [78] |
Polonium-210 | human, inhalation | 10 ng/kg (estimated) | 0.00000001 | [79] |
Diphtheria toxin | mice | 10 ng/kg | 0.00000001 | [80] |
Shiga toxin (from dysentery) | mice | 2 ng/kg | 0.000000002 | [80] |
Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) | mice | 2 ng/kg | 0.000000002 | [80] |
Botulinum toxin (Botox) | human, oral, injection, inhalation | 1 ng/kg (estimated) | 0.000000001 | [81] |
Ionizing radiation | human, irradiation | 5 Gy | [82] |
മാരകമായ ഡോസുകളുടെ താരതമ്യം ലോഗരിതമിക് സ്കെയിൽ ലളിതമാക്കുന്നു
[83]
മൃഗാവകാശസംഘടനകളുടെ ഉൽക്കണ്ഠ
[തിരുത്തുക]Animal-rights and animal-welfare groups, such as Animal Rights International,[84] have campaigned against LD50 testing on animals. Several countries, including the UK, have taken steps to ban the oral LD50, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) abolished the requirement for the oral test in 2001 (see Test Guideline 401, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Vol 22, February 22, 2001).
ഇവയും കാണുക
[തിരുത്തുക]- Animal testing
- Reed-Muench method
വിഷത്തെ അളക്കുന്ന മറ്റുരീതികൾ
[തിരുത്തുക]- IDLH
- Certain safety factor
- Therapeutic index
- Protective index
- Fixed Dose Procedure to estimate LD50
- Median toxic dose (TD50)
- Lowest published toxic concentration (TCLo)
- Lowest published lethal dose (LDLo)
- EC50 (half maximal effective concentration)
- IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration)
- Draize test
- Indicative limit value
- No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)
- Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL)
- Up-and-down procedure
ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട അളവുകൾ
[തിരുത്തുക]- TCID50 Tissue Culture Infective Dosage
- EID50 Egg Infective Dosage
- ELD50 Egg Lethal Dosage
- Plaque forming units (pfu)
അവലംബം
[തിരുത്തുക]- ↑ "Material Safety Data Sheet Water MSDS". Section 11: Toxicological Information for the LD50 verification. Archived from the original on 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for sucrose". Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for glucose" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Walker R, Lupien JR (April 2000). "The safety evaluation of monosodium glutamate". The Journal of Nutrition. 130 (4S Suppl): 1049S–52S. PMID 10736380.
- ↑ Toskulkao C, Chaturat L, Temcharoen P, Glinsukon T (1997). "Acute toxicity of stevioside, a natural sweetener, and its metabolite, steviol, in several animal species". Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 20 (1–2): 31–44. doi:10.3109/01480549709011077. PMID 9183561.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for ascorbic acid". Oxford University. 2005-10-09. Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-21.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for Lactose" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "ആർക്കൈവ് പകർപ്പ്" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for urea". 2015-03-06. Section 11: Toxicological Information for the LD50 verification. Archived from the original on 2015-03-01. Retrieved 2015-03-06.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 A.A. Babayan, A.V.Aleksandryan, "Toxicological characteristics of melamine cyanurate, melamine and cyanuric acid", Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Klinicheskoi Meditsiny, Vol.25, 345–9 (1985). Original article in Russian.
- ↑ Advanced Search – Alfa Aesar – A Johnson Matthey Company Archived 2015-07-24 at the Wayback Machine.. Alfa.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for ethyl alcohol". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Mecler, Francis J. (May 1981). Mammalian Toxological Evaluation of DIMP and DCBP (Phase 3 – IMPA) (Final report ed.). Litton Bionetics, Inc.
The oral LD50 values for the test material, IMPA, were 7650 and 6070 mg/kg for male and female rats, respectively.
[പ്രവർത്തിക്കാത്ത കണ്ണി] - ↑ Safety (MSDS) data for methanol
- ↑ Safety data for taurine
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for fructose". Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for sodium molybdate". Archived from the original on 2011-01-28. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for sodium chloride". Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Safety (MSDS) data for paracetamol
- ↑ "Inhalation, parenteral and oral LD50 values of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in Fischer rats". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 28: 18–27. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(74)90126-4.
- ↑ "MSDS of CBD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ [1] [പ്രവർത്തിക്കാത്ത കണ്ണി]
- ↑ MSDS of Ibuprofen
- ↑ "Formaldehyde SIDS Initial Assessment Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Frank T. Sanders, ed. (August 2006). Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride (ADBAC) (PDF) (Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances. p. 114. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-24. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
- ↑ Coumarin Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for hydrochloric acid". Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Ketamine
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for acetylsalicylic acid". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for caffeine". Archived from the original on 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Material Safety Data Sheet – Spent Metal Catalyst" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28.
- ↑ Safety (MSDS) data for sodium nitrite[പ്രവർത്തിക്കാത്ത കണ്ണി]
- ↑ Gable RS (September 2004). "Acute toxic effects of club drugs". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 36 (3): 303–13. doi:10.1080/02791072.2004.10400031. PMID 15559678.
- ↑ Chemical toxicity of uranium
- ↑ Hayes, WJ (21 December 2013) [1959]. "Pharmacology and toxicology of DDT". In Müller, Paul; Simmons, Samuel William (eds.). DDT: The Insecticide Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Its Significance / Das Insektizid Dichlordiphenyltrichloräthan und Seine Bedeutung: Human and Veterinary Medicine. Vol. 2. Springer-Verlag. pp. 9–247. ISBN 978-3-0348-6809-9.
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suggested) (help) - ↑ http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/pub_meet/en/Depluranium4.pdf
- ↑ DrugBank data for bisoprolol
- ↑ DrugBank data for Cocaine
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for cobalt (II) chloride". Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Safety (MSDS) data for cadmium oxide[പ്രവർത്തിക്കാത്ത കണ്ണി]
- ↑ Thiopental sodium MSDS
- ↑ Kiyatkin EA, Sharma HS. "Acute methamphetamine intoxication: brain hyperthermia, blood-brain barrier, brain edema, and morphological cell abnormalities". Int Rev Neurobiol. 88: 65–100. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(09)88004-5. PMC 3145326. PMID 19897075.
- ↑ Sodium Fluoride MSDS
- ↑ Pentaborane chemical and safety data
- ↑ "Capsaicin Material Safety Data Sheet". sciencelab.com. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ↑ http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/DisplayMSDSContent.doc
- ↑ MSDS for cholecalciferol crystalline
- ↑ "MSDS for piperidine (pepper)". Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ MSDS for diamorphine
- ↑ Erowid LSD (Acid) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths. Erowid.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for arsenic trioxide". Archived from the original on 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for metallic arsenic". Archived from the original on 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Mayer B (January 2014). "How much nicotine kills a human? Tracing back the generally accepted lethal dose to dubious self-experiments in the nineteenth century". Archives of Toxicology. 88 (1): 5–7. doi:10.1007/s00204-013-1127-0. PMC 3880486. PMID 24091634.
- ↑ http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9926222
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for sodium cyanide". Archived from the original on 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for hydrogen cyanide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ "Chlorotoxin: A Helpful Natural Scorpion Peptide to Diagnose Glioma and Fight Tumor Invasion".
- ↑ "Hexachloroethane" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-03.
- ↑ INCHEM: Chemical Safety Information from Intergovernmental Organizations: Strychnine.
- ↑ "Safety (MSDS) data for aflatoxin B1". Archived from the original on 2012-04-23. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Los Alamos Science article for Plutonium toxicity
- ↑ Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides
- ↑ "Material Safety Data Sheet Tetrodotoxin ACC# 01139". Acros Organics N.V.
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ "nih.gov Datasheet for Bufotoxin".
- ↑ Inns RH, Tuckwell NJ, Bright JE, Marrs TC (July 1990). "Histochemical demonstration of calcium accumulation in muscle fibres after experimental organophosphate poisoning". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 9 (4): 245–50. doi:10.1177/096032719000900407. PMID 2390321.
- ↑ Sheumack DD, Baldo BA, Carroll PR, Hampson F, Howden ME, Skorulis A (1984). "A comparative study of properties and toxic constituents of funnel web spider (Atrax) venoms". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology. 78 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1016/0742-8413(84)90048-3. PMID 6146485.
- ↑ Munro, N. (Jan 1994). "Toxicity of the organophosphate chemical warfare agents GA, GB, and VX: implications for public protection". Environmental Health Perspectives. 102: 18–38. doi:10.1289/ehp.9410218. PMC 1567233. PMID 9719666.
- ↑ Venomous Animals and their Venoms, vol. III, ed. Wolfgang Bücherl and Eleanor Buckley
- ↑ LD50 for various snakes Archived 2012-02-01 at the Wayback Machine.. Seanthomas.net. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
- ↑ EFSA – Scientific Opinion of the CONTAM Panel: Ricin (from Ricinus communis) as undesirable substances in animal feed [1] - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Efsa.europa.eu. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
- ↑ "Chemical weapon for sale: China's unregulated narcotic". Retrieved 2016-07-10.
- ↑ U.S. National Toxicology Program acute toxicity studies for Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)
- ↑ Nagai, Hiroshi (2003). "Recent Progress in Jellyfish Toxin Study". Journal of Health Science. 49 (5): 337–340. doi:10.1248/jhs.49.337. ISSN 1344-9702.
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: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=
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suggested) (help) - ↑ "ആർക്കൈവ് പകർപ്പ്". Archived from the original on 2016-12-26. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Brief Review of Natural Nonprotein Neurotoxins
- ↑ Yokoyama A, Murata M, Oshima Y, Iwashita T, Yasumoto T (August 1988). "Some chemical properties of maitotoxin, a putative calcium channel agonist isolated from a marine dinoflagellate". Journal of Biochemistry. 104 (2): 184–7. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122438. PMID 3182760.
- ↑ Topic 2 Toxic Chemicals and Toxic Effects Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 "ആർക്കൈവ് പകർപ്പ്" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Fleming, Diane O.; Hunt, Debra Long (2000). Biological Safety: principles and practices. Washington, DC: ASM Press. p. 267. ISBN 1-55581-180-9.
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suggested) (help) - ↑ "European Nuclear Society". Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
- ↑ Strey K (2019). "Die Gifte-Skala". Chemie in Unserer Zeit. 53 (6): 386–399. doi:10.1002/ciuz.201900828.
- ↑ Thirty-Two Years of Measurable Change Archived 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine.
പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ
[തിരുത്തുക]- Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
- "Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 33 (3): 223–31. March 1995. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-C. PMID 7896233.