പൊരജ്മോസ്

ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിലാസം

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porajmos

Romani Holocaust
World War II എന്നതിന്റെ ഭാഗം
European Roma and Sinti in Asperg, Nazi Germany, are rounded up for deportation by Nazi German authorities on 22 May 1940.
സ്ഥലം	German-occupied Europe
തീയതി	1939–1945
ആക്രമണലക്ഷ്യം	European Roma and Sinti
ആക്രമണത്തിന്റെ തരം	Genocide, ethnic cleansing, mass murder, starvation, mass shooting, concentration camps, death camps
മരിച്ചവർ	At least 150,000. Other estimates give figures such as 500,000 800,000 or even as high as 1.5 million.
ആക്രമണം നടത്തിയത്	Nazi Germany and its allies
ഉദ്ദേശ്യം	Antiziganism, Germanisation, Pan-Germanism, Racism, Nazi racial policy

1940 മെയ് 22 ന് ജർമ്മൻ അധികൃതർ നാടുകടത്താൻ പോകുന്ന ജർമ്മനിയിലെ ആസ്പെർഗിലെ സാധാരണ റൊമാനിയൻ പൗരന്മാർ.

റൊമാനി വംശഹത്യ അല്ലെങ്കിൽ ഒരു റൊമാനി കൂട്ടക്കൊലയോ ആണ് പൊരജ്മോസ് (റൊമാനിയൻ ഉച്ചാരണം: IPA: [pʰoɽajmos]) എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നത്. ഫറാജിമോസ് ("കട്ടിംഗ് അപ്", "ഫ്രാഗ്മെന്റേഷൻ", "ഡിസ്ട്രക്ഷൻ") സമുദാരിപ്പൻ ("മാസ് കില്ലിംഗ്") എന്നിവ യൂറോപ്പിലെ റൊമാനിയൻ ജനതയ്‌ക്കെതിരെ വംശഹത്യ നടത്താൻ നാസി ജർമ്മനിയും രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധ സഖ്യകക്ഷികളും നടത്തിയ ശ്രമമായിരുന്നു.

അഡോൾഫ് ഹിറ്റ്ലറുടെ കീഴിൽ ന്യൂറംബർഗ് നിയമങ്ങൾക്ക് ഒരു അനുബന്ധ ഉത്തരവ് 1935 നവംബർ 26-ന് പുറപ്പെടുവിച്ചു. ജിപ്സികളെ "വംശനാധിഷ്ഠിത ഭരണകൂടത്തിന്റെ ശത്രുക്കൾ" എന്ന് വിശേഷിപ്പിക്കുകയും, അതുവഴി ജൂതന്മാരെ അതേ വിഭാഗത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തുകയും ചെയ്തു. അങ്ങനെ ചില തരത്തിൽ ജൂതന്മാരുടെ കൂട്ടക്കൊലയിൽ ജൂതസമുദായത്തിൽ യൂറോപ്പിലെ റോമയുടെ വിധി സമാന്തരമായി.

ബിബ്ലിയോഗ്രഫി

• Bársony, János; Daróczi, Ágnes (2008). Pharrajimos: The Fate of the Roma During the Holocaust. IDEA. ISBN 978-1-932716-30-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Crowe, David; Kolsti, John, eds. (1991). The Gypsies of Eastern Europe. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe (Routledge). ISBN 978-0-87332-671-1:

• Hancock, Ian (1992). Gypsy History in Germany and Neighbouring Lands: A Chronology Leading to the Holocaust and Beyond. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Tyrnauer, Gabrielle (1992). The Fate of the Gypsies During the Holocaust. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Fraser, Angus (1992). The Gypsies. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19605-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gilbert, Martin (1989). Second World War. London: Guild Publishing. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Gilbert, Martin (2002). The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28145-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) Note: formerly The Dent Atlas of the Holocaust; 1982, 1993.
• Gilbert, Martin (2004). The Second World War: A Complete History. Revised edition. Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-7623-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hancock, Ian (1997). "A Glossary of Romani Terms". American Journal of Comparative Law. 45 (2): 329–44. doi:10.2307/840853. JSTOR 840853. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hancock, Ian (2002). We are the Romani People. Hatfield: University Of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hancock, Ian (2010). Karanth, Dileep (ed.). Danger! Educated Gypsy. Selected Essays. University of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-98-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Heuss, Herbert; Sparing, Frank; Fings, Karola; et al., eds. (1997). The Gypsies during the Second World War. Vol. 1 From "Race Science" to the Camps. Gypsy Research Centre and University of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-0-900458-78-1:

• Heuss, Herbert (1997). German policies of Gypsy persecution (1870–1945). {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Sparing, Frank (1997). The Gypsy Camps – The creation, character and meaning of an instrument for the persecution of Sinti and Romanies under National Socialism. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Kenrick, Donald, ed. (1999). The Gypsies during the Second World War. Vol. 2 In the Shadow of the Swastika. Gypsy Research Centre and Univ. of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-0-900458-85-9.
• Kenrick, Donald, ed. (2006). The Gypsies during the Second World War. Vol. 3 The Final Chapter. Gypsy Research Centre and Univ. of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-49-5.

• Jessee, Erin (3 February 2010). Nazi Atrocities: The Genocide of the Roma/Sinti. Lecture at Concordia University. Montreal, Quebec. {{cite conference}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lewy, Guenter (2000). The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512556-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0199651744. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Matras, Yaron (2004). "A conflict of paradigms: review article (Reviewed by Yaron Matras)" (PDF). Romani Studies. 14 (2): 193–219. doi:10.3828/rs.2004.7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2018-05-11. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Milton, Sybil (1992). Nazi Policies Toward Roma and Sinti, 1933–1945. Vol. 2. Gypsy Lore Society. ASIN B0006RI6NA. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help) Preview in ProQuest.
• Milton, Sybil (2009). "The Holocaust: The Gypsies". In Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. (eds.). Century of Genocide (3rd ed.). Routledge. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rummel, Rudolph J. (1992). Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997). Statistic of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Center for National Security Law, University of Virginia and Transaction Publishers. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

കൂടുതൽ വായനയ്ക്ക്

• Bernadac, Christian (ed.) (1980). L'Holocauste oublié. Le martyre des Tsiganes Éditions Famot (in French).
• Fonseca, Isabel (1996). Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies And Their Journey. Chapter 7, The Devouring. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-73743-8.
• Kenrick, Donald; Puxon, Grattan (2009). Gypsies Under the Swastika. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-80-8.
• Klamper, Elisabeth (1993). Persecution and Annihilation of Roma and Sinti in Austria, 1938–1945. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 5, 3 (2).
• Korb, Alexander (2010). "A Multipronged Attack: Ustaša Persecution of Serbs, Jews, and Roma in Wartime Croatia". Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 145–163. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Milton, Sybil (2001). "'Gypsies' as Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany". In Gellately, Robert; Stoltzfus, Nathan (eds.). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2. In Google Books.
• Montemarano, Mike (22 April 2015). A Case for Heritage: The Romani Archived 2015-11-27 at the Wayback Machine. Art On The Banks Journal.
• Pamieci, Ksiega (1993). Memorial Book: The Gypsies at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Introduction by Jan Parcer. K G Saur Verlag for State Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau. ISBN 978-3-598-11162-4.
• Polansky, Paul (1998). Black Silence: The Lety Survivors Speak. G plus G. ISBN 0-89304-241-2.
• Ramati, Alexander (1986). And the Violins Stopped Playing: A Story of the Gypsy Holocaust. War time biography of Roman (Dymitr) Mirga, on which the film of the same name is based.
• Rose, Romani, ed. (1995). The Nazi Genocide of the Sinti and Roma. Heidelberg: Documentary and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma.
• Sonneman, Toby (2002). Shared Sorrows: A Gypsy Family Remembers the Holocaust. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-10-5.
• Tyrnauer, Gabrielle (1989). Gypsies and the Holocaust: A Bibliography and Introductory Essay. Concordia University – Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies.
• Winter, Walter (2004). Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Sinto who survived Auschwitz (Translated and annotated by Struan Robertson). Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press ISBN 978-1-902806-38-9.

ബാഹ്യ ലിങ്കുകൾ

• Historical Amnesia: The Romani Holocaust—Desicritics
• Extensive online resource on the Holocaust of the Romanies from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
• Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Germany Archived 2012-01-13 at the Wayback Machine—About the Holocaust, Yad Vashem
• Histories, Narratives and Documents of the Roma and Sinti (Gypsies), Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota
• Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma (German) (English)
• A Brief Romani Holocaust Chronology
• Roma-Sinti Genocide (Parajmos) Resources, Prevent Genocide International
• Memorial of Poraimos (Romani)
• – a project by Yahad – In Unum and Roma Dignity Archived 2015-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
• Roma and Sinti Under-Studied Victims of Nazism (Symposium Proceedings), PDF, 98 р.
• Persecution and resistance of Gypsies under Nationalsocialism (in German)
• Gypsies: A Persecuted Race
• A People Uncounted. The Untold Story of the Roma. Dir. Aaron Yeger. 2011. Film.