പൊരജ്മോസ്
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1940 മെയ് 22 ന് ജർമ്മൻ അധികൃതർ നാടുകടത്താൻ പോകുന്ന ജർമ്മനിയിലെ ആസ്പെർഗിലെ സാധാരണ റൊമാനിയൻ പൗരന്മാർ.
റൊമാനി വംശഹത്യയോ അല്ലെങ്കിൽ റൊമാനി കൂട്ടക്കൊലയോ ആണ് പൊരജ്മോസ് (റൊമാനിയൻ ഉച്ചാരണം: IPA: [pʰoɽajmos]) എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്നത്. ഫറാജിമോസ് ("കട്ടിംഗ് അപ്", "ഫ്രാഗ്മെന്റേഷൻ", "ഡിസ്ട്രക്ഷൻ") സമുദാരിപ്പൻ ("മാസ് കില്ലിംഗ്") എന്നിവ യൂറോപ്പിലെ റൊമാനിയൻ ജനതയ്‌ക്കെതിരെ വംശഹത്യ നടത്താൻ നാസി ജർമ്മനിയും രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധ സഖ്യകക്ഷികളും നടത്തിയ ശ്രമമായിരുന്നു.[1]
അഡോൾഫ് ഹിറ്റ്ലറുടെ കീഴിൽ ന്യൂറംബർഗ് നിയമങ്ങൾക്ക് ഒരു അനുബന്ധ ഉത്തരവ് 1935 നവംബർ 26-ന് പുറപ്പെടുവിച്ചു. ജിപ്സികളെ "വംശനാധിഷ്ഠിത ഭരണകൂടത്തിന്റെ ശത്രുക്കൾ" എന്ന് വിശേഷിപ്പിക്കുകയും, അതുവഴി ജൂതന്മാരെ അതേ വിഭാഗത്തിൽ ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തുകയും ചെയ്തു. അങ്ങനെ ചില തരത്തിൽ ജൂതന്മാരുടെ കൂട്ടക്കൊലയിൽ ജൂതസമുദായത്തിൽ യൂറോപ്പിലെ റോമയുടെ വിധി സമാന്തരമായി.[2]
അവലംബം[തിരുത്തുക]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Porajmos. |
ബിബ്ലിയോഗ്രഫി[തിരുത്തുക]
- Bársony, János; Daróczi, Ágnes (2008). Pharrajimos: The Fate of the Roma During the Holocaust. IDEA. ISBN 978-1-932716-30-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Crowe, David; Kolsti, John (eds.). The Gypsies of Eastern Europe. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe (Routledge). ISBN 978-0-87332-671-1:
- Hancock, Ian (1992). Gypsy History in Germany and Neighbouring Lands: A Chronology Leading to the Holocaust and Beyond.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Tyrnauer, Gabrielle (1992). The Fate of the Gypsies During the Holocaust.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Fraser, Angus (1992). The Gypsies. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19605-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Gilbert, Martin (1989). Second World War. London: Guild Publishing.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Gilbert, Martin (2002). The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28145-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Note: formerly The Dent Atlas of the Holocaust; 1982, 1993.
- Gilbert, Martin (2004). The Second World War: A Complete History. Revised edition. Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-7623-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hancock, Ian (1997). "A Glossary of Romani Terms". American Journal of Comparative Law. 45 (2): 329–44. doi:10.2307/840853. JSTOR 840853.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hancock, Ian (2002). We are the Romani People. Hatfield: University Of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Hancock, Ian (2010). Karanth, Dileep (ed.). Danger! Educated Gypsy. Selected Essays. University of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-98-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Heuss, Herbert; Sparing, Frank; Fings, Karola; മറ്റുള്ളവർക്കൊപ്പം., eds. (1997). The Gypsies during the Second World War. 1 From "Race Science" to the Camps. Gypsy Research Centre and University of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-0-900458-78-1:
- Kenrick, Donald, ed. (1999). The Gypsies during the Second World War. 2 In the Shadow of the Swastika. Gypsy Research Centre and Univ. of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-0-900458-85-9.
- Kenrick, Donald, ed. (2006). The Gypsies during the Second World War. 3 The Final Chapter. Gypsy Research Centre and Univ. of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-49-5.
- Jessee, Erin (3 February 2010). Nazi Atrocities: The Genocide of the Roma/Sinti. Lecture at Concordia University. Montreal, Quebec.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lewy, Guenter (2000). The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512556-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0199651744.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Matras, Yaron (2004). "A conflict of paradigms: review article (Reviewed by Yaron Matras)" (PDF). Romani Studies. 14 (2): 193–219. doi:10.3828/rs.2004.7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Milton, Sybil (1992). Nazi Policies Toward Roma and Sinti, 1933–1945. 2. Gypsy Lore Society. ASIN B0006RI6NA.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Preview in ProQuest.
- Milton, Sybil (2009). "The Holocaust: The Gypsies". എന്നതിൽ Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. (eds.). Century of Genocide (3rd ed.). Routledge.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rummel, Rudolph J. (1992). Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997). Statistic of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Center for National Security Law, University of Virginia and Transaction Publishers.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
കൂടുതൽ വായനയ്ക്ക്[തിരുത്തുക]
- Bernadac, Christian (ed.) (1980). L'Holocauste oublié. Le martyre des Tsiganes Éditions Famot (in French).
- Fonseca, Isabel (1996). Bury Me Standing: The Gypsies And Their Journey. Chapter 7, The Devouring. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-73743-8.
- Kenrick, Donald; Puxon, Grattan (2009). Gypsies Under the Swastika. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-80-8.
- Klamper, Elisabeth (1993). Persecution and Annihilation of Roma and Sinti in Austria, 1938–1945. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 5, 3 (2).
- Korb, Alexander (2010). "A Multipronged Attack: Ustaša Persecution of Serbs, Jews, and Roma in Wartime Croatia". Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 145–163.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Milton, Sybil (2001). "'Gypsies' as Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany". എന്നതിൽ Gellately, Robert; Stoltzfus, Nathan (eds.). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2. In Google Books.
- Montemarano, Mike (22 April 2015). A Case for Heritage: The Romani. Art On The Banks Journal.
- Pamieci, Ksiega (1993). Memorial Book: The Gypsies at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Introduction by Jan Parcer. K G Saur Verlag for State Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau. ISBN 978-3-598-11162-4.
- Polansky, Paul (1998). Black Silence: The Lety Survivors Speak. G plus G. ISBN 0-89304-241-2.
- Ramati, Alexander (1986). And the Violins Stopped Playing: A Story of the Gypsy Holocaust. War time biography of Roman (Dymitr) Mirga, on which the film of the same name is based.
- Rose, Romani, ed. (1995). The Nazi Genocide of the Sinti and Roma. Heidelberg: Documentary and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma.
- Sonneman, Toby (2002). Shared Sorrows: A Gypsy Family Remembers the Holocaust. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1-902806-10-5.
- Tyrnauer, Gabrielle (1989). Gypsies and the Holocaust: A Bibliography and Introductory Essay. Concordia University – Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies.
- Winter, Walter (2004). Winter Time: Memoirs of a German Sinto who survived Auschwitz (Translated and annotated by Struan Robertson). Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press ISBN 978-1-902806-38-9.
ബാഹ്യ ലിങ്കുകൾ[തിരുത്തുക]
- Historical Amnesia: The Romani Holocaust—Desicritics
- Extensive online resource on the Holocaust of the Romanies from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
- Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Germany—About the Holocaust, Yad Vashem
- Histories, Narratives and Documents of the Roma and Sinti (Gypsies), Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, University of Minnesota
- Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma (German) (English)
- A Brief Romani Holocaust Chronology
- Roma-Sinti Genocide (Parajmos) Resources, Prevent Genocide International
- Memorial of Poraimos (Romani)
- – a project by Yahad – In Unum and Roma Dignity
- Roma and Sinti Under-Studied Victims of Nazism (Symposium Proceedings), PDF, 98 р.
- Persecution and resistance of Gypsies under Nationalsocialism (in German)
- Gypsies: A Persecuted Race
- A People Uncounted. The Untold Story of the Roma. Dir. Aaron Yeger. 2011. Film.
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