വിക്കിപീഡിയ:IPA for German

    കണ്ണികൾ ചേർക്കുക
    വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം.

    The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents German language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

    See German phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.

    Consonants
    IPA Examples English approximation
    [b] Ball[1] ball
    [ç] ich hue
    [d] dann[1] done
    [f] Fass fuss
    [ɡ] Gast[1] gust
    [h] hat hut
    [j] ja yard
    [k] kalt kick
    [l] Last last
    [m] Mast must
    [n] Naht not
    [ŋ] lang long
    [p] Pakt pack
    [pf] Pfahl p + f
    [ʁ] Rast[2] like a French R
    [ʀ] Rast[2] like a French R
    [r] Rast[2] like an Italian R
    [s] Hast fast
    [ʃ] schal shall
    [t] Tal tall
    [ts] Zahl cats
    [tʃ] Matsch match
    [v] was vast
    [x] Bach[3] loch (Scottish)
    [z] Hase[1] hose
    [ʔ] beamtet[4]
    ([bəˈʔamtət])    		 the catch in uh-oh!
    Non-native consonants
    [ð] Motherboard[5] as in English
    [dʒ] Dschungel[1] jungle
    [ɹ] Rockband[6] as in English
    [w] Walkman[7] as in English
    [θ] Thread[8] as in English
    [ʒ] Genie[1] beige, Zsa Zsa
    Stress
    ˈ Bahnhofstraße
    ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])     		as in ˈbattleˌship
    ˌ
    Vowels
    IPA Examples English approximation
    Stressed and unstressed[dubious – discuss]
    [a] Dach bra (but shorter)
    aː Bahn bra
    aɪ weit tie
    aʊ Haut how
    eː Beet face
    [ɛ] hätte bed
    ɛː wähle[9] as above but longer; like RP English bared
    iː viel meet
    [ɪ] bist sit
    oː Boot bone
    [ɔ] Post caught (but shorter)
    ɔʏ Heu boy
    øː Öl somewhat like hurl; French deux
    [œ] göttlich somewhat like hurt; French sœur
    uː Hut true
    [ʊ] Putz took
    yː Rübe French rue
    [ʏ] füllt somewhat like the above
    Unstressed only
    [ɐ] Ober[2] fun
    [ə] halte comma
    Non-native vowels
    [e] Methan (short [eː])
    [i] vital city (short [iː])
    [o] Moral (short [oː])
    [ø] Ökonom (short [øː])
    [u] kulant (short [uː])
    [y] Psychologie (short [yː])
    ã Pensee[10] (nasalized [a])
    ãː Gourmand[10] (long nasalized [a])
    ɛ̃ timbrieren[11] (nasalized [ɛ])
    ɛ̃ː Teint[11] (long nasalized [ɛ])
    ɔ̃ Fondue[12] (nasalized [ɔ])
    ɔ̃ː Fond[12] (long nasalized [ɔ])
    œ̃ Lundist[13] (nasalized [œ])
    œ̃ː Parfum[13] (long nasalized [œ])
    Marginal vowels
    ɔː Walkman[14] as in English
    [ʌ] Motherboard[15] as in English
    Semivowels
    ɐ̯ Uhr[2] fun
    i̯ Studie studio
    u̯ aktuell actual

    Notes[തിരുത്തുക]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The German lenis consonants [b d ɡ z ʒ dʒ] are often pronounced without voice as [b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ z̥ ʒ̊ d̥ʒ̊]. In Southern German, the voiceless pronunciation prevails.
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries only allowed [r], this pronunciation is nowadays mainly found in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria, while in other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, with the allophones [ʁ] and [ʀ]. In many regions except for Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vowelized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]
    3. ↑ Realized as a uvular fricative [χ] after /a/, /aː/, and often /ʊ/, /ɔ/, and /aʊ/.
    4. ↑ In many varieties of German except for Swiss Standard German, all initial vowels are preceded by [ʔ].
    5. ↑ Many German speakers replace [ð] with [z].
    6. ↑ Many German speakers replace [ɹ] with [ʁ].
    7. ↑ Many German speakers replace [w] with [v].
    8. ↑ Many German speakers replace [θ] with [s].
    9. ↑ Often replaced by [eː]
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sometimes replaced by [aŋ].
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sometimes replaced by [ɛŋ].
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sometimes replaced by [ɔŋ].
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Sometimes replaced by [œŋ].
    14. ↑ Many German speakers replace [ɔː] with [ɔ] or [oː].
    15. ↑ Many German speakers replace [ʌ] with [a].

    Bibliography[തിരുത്തുക]

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