"സത്യേന്ദ്രനാഥ ടാഗോർ" എന്ന താളിന്റെ പതിപ്പുകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം

വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം.
(ചെ.) ഭാഷ പിഴവ് ശെരിയാക്കി
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വരി 5: വരി 5:
| native_name = সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর
| native_name = সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর
| native_name_lang = bn
| native_name_lang = bn
| image =
| image =Satyendranath Tagore.JPG
| image_size =
| image_size =
| caption =
| caption = Satyendranath Tagore in 1867
| birth_date = {{birth date|1842|06|01|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1842|06|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]

05:18, 22 ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2020-നു നിലവിലുണ്ടായിരുന്ന രൂപം

Satyendranath Tagore
সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর
Satyendranath Tagore in 1867
ജനനം(1842-06-01)1 ജൂൺ 1842
മരണം9 ജനുവരി 1923(1923-01-09) (പ്രായം 80)
ദേശീയതIndian
തൊഴിൽCivil servant, social reformer
ജീവിതപങ്കാളി(കൾ)Jnanadanandini Devi

ഇന്ത്യൻ സിവിൽ സർവീസിൽ ചേർന്ന ആദ്യ ഇന്ത്യക്കാരനാണ് Satyendranath Tagore (/ʃəˈtɛndrənɑːt tæˈɡɔːr/; ബംഗാളി: সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর; [ʃɔt̪ɛnd̪ronat̪ʰ ʈʰakur]) (1 ജൂൺ 1842 – 9 ജനുവരി 1923). എഴുത്തുകാരൻ, സംഗീതസവിധായകൻ, ഭാഷാപണ്ഡിതൻ എന്നീ നിലകളിൽ പ്രശസ്തനായ അദ്ദേഹം ബ്രിട്ടീഷ് ഭരണകാലത്ത് സ്ത്രീശാക്തീകരണത്തിനായി വലിയ സംഭാവനകൾ നൽകിയ വ്യക്തിയാണ്.[1][2]

ആദ്യകാലജീവിതം

രബീന്ദ്രനാഥ് ടാഗോറിന്റെ മൂത്ത സഹോദരനായ ദേബേന്ദ്രനാഥ് ടാഗോറിന്റെ രണ്ടാമത്തെ മകനാണ് സത്യേന്ദ്രനാഥ് ടാഗോർ. സംസ്‌കൃതവും ഇംഗ്ലീഷും അദ്ദേഹം വീട്ടിൽ വച്ചാണ് അഭ്യസിച്ചത്.[1] അന്നത്തെ സമ്പ്രദായമനുസരിച്ച് 1859 -ൽ ബാലവിവാഹത്തിന്റെ ഭാഗമായി അദ്ദേഹം ജ്ഞാനദനന്ദിനിദേവിയെ വിവാഹം ചെയ്തു. അതേവർഷം അദ്ദേഹവും കേശുഭ് ചുന്ദർ സെനും തന്റെ പിതാവിനൊപ്പം ശ്രീലങ്ക സന്ദർശിക്കാൻ പോയി.[1][3]

സിവിൽ സർവീസ്

For a long time, only British officers were appointed to all covenanted posts.[4] In 1832, the posts of munsif and sadar amin were created and opened to Indians.[5] In 1833, the posts of deputy magistrate and deputy collector were created and opened to Indians.[6] The ICS Act of 1861 established the Indian Civil Service. The Act of 1853 had already established the practice of recruiting covenanted civilians through competitive examinations.[4]

It was a daunting task to go to England and compete with the British for a position. However, his friend Monomohun Ghose offered encouragement and support, and both of them set sail for England in 1862 to prepare for and compete in the civil service examinations.[2]

Satyendranath was selected for the Indian Civil Service in June, 1863. He completed his probationary training and returned to India in November 1864.[2] Monomohun Ghose did not succeed in the examination for the ICS but was called to the bar.[7] Satyendranath was posted to Bombay presidency, which then covered western parts of present-day Maharashtra, Gujarat and Sindh. After initial posting of four months in Bombay (now Mumbai), he had his first active posting at Ahmedabad.[2]

With postings at numerous towns he travelled across the country. Because of his long stay away from home many in his family visited him and stayed with him for long periods. Amongst his regular visitors were his younger brothers Jyotirindranath Tagore (1849–1925) and Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), the Nobel Prize–winning poet, and his sister Swarnakumari Devi.[2]

His posting outside Bengal helped him to learn several Indian languages. He translated Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Geetarahasya and Tukaram’s Abhang poems into Bengali.[1] Rabindranath Tagore had also translated some poems of Tukaram.[8] Satyendranath took an active interest in the activities of the Brahmo Samaj wherever he was posted, as for example at Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, Sindh.[9]

While in the Maharashtra region he had close contacts with many of the leading reformers and Prarthana Samaj figures — Mahadev Govind Ranade, Kashinath Trimbak Telang, Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar and Narayan Ganesh Chandavarkar.[10]

Satyendranath Tagore, was a district judge in Karwar , Karnataka In 1882. He served in the ICS for about thirty years and retired as Judge of Satara in Maharashtra in 1897.[11]

സ്ത്രീശാക്തീകരണം

Ram Mohan Roy found women of Bengal ‘uneducated and illiterate, deprived of property rights, married before puberty, imprisoned in purdah,[12] and murdered at widowhood by a barbaric custom of immolation known as sati.’[13] By the time Satyendranath was born sati had been banned (in 1829), and the process of reformation had set in.

The position of women in his society troubled him from a young age. He used to think that the purdah system in his family was ‘not that of our own nation but a copy of Muslim practices’. His visit to England where he witnessed more freedom for women helped him understand the relatively poor position of women in Indian society.[2]

After his marriage, he found in Jnanadanandini Devi an ideal partner to fulfill his thinking. When he was thrilled to witness the progress of women in the advanced society in England, he wanted to take her to England to witness the same, but his father, Devendranath Tagore, stood in the way.[2]

Back in India, Satyendranath took Jnanadanandini Devi to Bombay, where she tried to live in the manner and style of the wives of the English officers of the ICS. When the couple returned to the ancestral home at Jorasanko for a holiday, they created a sensation in Calcutta society. They were invited to a party in the Government House (now Raj Bhavan). Breaking all traditional rules, Jnanadanandini Devi accompanied her husband to the party. There she was – "a lone Bengali woman in the midst of hundreds of English women." Prasanna Coomar Tagore of the Pathuriaghata branch of the family, who was present in the party, could not bear the sight of a wife of a family member in such an open place and left immediately "in shame and anger".[2]

In 1877, he sent Jnanadanandini Devi to England with an English couple. She went with three children, a daring task in those days. They initially stayed with the family of Prasanna Coomar Tagore’s son Gnanendramohan Tagore, who had converted to Christianity and was the first Indian to qualify for the English bar. Later they shifted to Brighton and lived on their own there.[2]

Subsequently, Satyendranath accompanied Rabindranath Tagore in what was the latter's first visit to England. All of them returned to India in 1880. It was not only with his wife, but also his sisters that he took the lead to change things. His sister Soudamini Devi wrote, ‘The mocking we faced when we went out in the carriages is difficult to believe now.”[2]

Thus were laid the foundations of freeing the upper and middle class women from the purdah. It was a major achievement of Satyendranath Tagore.[2]

Jnanadanandini Devi contributed in some unique ways also. As she had to go out in society, she developed a style of wearing the sari, which is broadly followed by Indian women today. She also introduced the use of proper undergarments.[2]

Jnanadanandini Devi took special interest in children’s matters and started the system of observing birthdays of children in the family, giving them gifts and celebrating the occasion. She started and edited a magazine named Balak for children in 1885. It was possibly the first magazine for children in the Bengali language. The magazine motivated Rabindranath to write for children. Many of the pieces included in his book Sishu were first published in Balak. The magazine was wound up after a year and merged with the family magazine Bharati.[14]

മറ്റു പ്രവർത്തനം

രാജ്യസ്നേഹം

The Tagore family were strong Indian patriots. In an age when it was de rigueur to imitate Western dress habits and to speak the English language in Indian high society, the Tagores kept Indian dress and chose to cultivate Bengali. While admiring the positive qualities he considered British society to possess, Satyendranath himself took the view it was necessary to reform and cultivate the Indian society which already existed.[2]

He was one of the people associated with the Hindu Mela, whose purpose was to awaken this sense of patriotism in the lives of ordinary Indians. When the first session was held in April 1867, he was away in western India. However, he was present in Calcutta for the second session in 1868. He composed the song mile sabe Bharat santan, ektan gaho gaan (unite, India's children, sing in unison) for the occasion, which was hailed as the first national anthem of India. He wrote a number of other such patriotic songs.[2]

ബ്രഹ്മസമാജം

Satyendranath had deep regard for his father Debendranath and the religion he had taken so much pain to develop. At a considerably young age, he and Monomohun Ghose accompanied Keshub Chunder Sen on his campaign to win over the younger generation at Krishnanagar College.[2][15]

In England, even when he was busy with other work, he found time to preach the ideals of Brahmo Samaj. Later, when he was posted in Ahmedabad, he sent a report about Brahmo Samaj to Max Müller. It was included in Müller’s biography, written by his wife.[2]

സാമൂഹ്യ-സാഹിത്യപ്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ

On retirement, he lived for some time in Park Street and then in Ballygunj in Calcutta. His house was a meeting place for his friends and relatives. Amongst those from outside the family who visited him regularly were Taraknath Palit, Monomohun Ghose, Satyendraprasanna Sinha, Umesh Bannerjee, Krishna Govinda Gupta, and Behari Lal Gupta, all important people of the age in Kolkata.[2]

His house on Park Street was the centre of a literary majlis (gathering). The deliberations were noted in a book which was not to be circulated outside the family and it was not printed. Among the subjects discussed were “Bengali language and the Bengali character”, “The elements of poetry”, “Chivalry”, “Love in women and in men”.[16]

He was president of Vangiya Sahitya Parishad from 1900–01, and presided over the 10th session of the Bengal provincial conference held at Natore in 1897.[17]

സംഭാവനകൾ

Sushila O Birsingha (play, 1867), Bombay Chitra (1888), Nabaratnamala, Strisvadhinata, Bauddhadharma (1901), Amar Balyakatha O Bombay Prabas (1915), Bharatvarsiya Ingrej (1908), Raja Rammohan Roy.[17]

മക്കൾ

Both his children, Surendranath Tagore (1872–1940) and Indira Devi Choudhurani (1873–1960), were well-known figures. They had the experience of English life as children. Surendranath had great command over English and had translated Rabindranath’s Four Chapters into English. He had produced a condensed version of the main portion of Mahabharata in Bengali.[2] In his time, he had links with militant revolutionary organisations fighting for Indian independence from the British, which were considered terrorists by the British establishment.[18] Indira was a great French scholar and was an authority on music, particularly Rabindrasangeet. She was vice-chancellor of Viswa Bharati University.[2] She was married to Pramatha Chowdhury, the noted Bengali author.[അവലംബം ആവശ്യമാണ്]

അവലംബം

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, 1976/1998, pp. 554–5, Sahitya Sansad, ISBN 81-85626-65-0 (in Bengali).
  2. 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 Bandopadhyay, Hiranmay, Thakurbarir Katha, pp. 98–104, Sishu Sahitya Sansad (in Bengali).
  3. Sastri, Sivanath, History of the Brahmo Samaj, 1911–12/1993, p. 80, Sadharan Brahmo Samaj.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Sengupta, Nitish, History of the Bengali-speaking People, p. 275, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd., ISBN 81-7476-355-4.
  5. Sastri, Sivanath, Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Bangasamaj, 1903/2001, p. 86, New Age Publishers Pvt. Ltd (in Bengali).
  6. Sastri, Sivanath, Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Bangasamaj, p. 73.
  7. Devi Choudhurani, Indira, Smritisamput, Rabindrabhaban, Viswabharati, p. 187 (in Bengali).
  8. TAGORE, Rabindranath. "Tukram". Tukaram.com. Retrieved 3 മാർച്ച് 2007.
  9. Sastri, Sivanath, History of the Brahmo Samaj, pp. 468, 531.
  10. Devi Choudhurani, Indira, p. 57.
  11. Devi Choudhurani, Indira, pp. 1–2.
  12. Purdah was a system wherein women were not allowed to come out in the open in front of other men. It effectively meant that they had to live entirely inside the house all their lives.
  13. Kopf, David, The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind, 1979, p. 15. Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-03125-8.
  14. Bandopadhyay, Hiranmay, p. 219
  15. Kopf, David, p. 258.
  16. Ghosh, Tapobrata, Literature and Literaray Life in Calcutta, in Calcutta, the Living City, Vol II, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, 1990/2005, p. 224, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-563697-X.
  17. 17.0 17.1 Mohanta, Sambaru Chandra (2012). "Tagore, Satyendranath". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  18. Deb, Chitra, Jorasanko and the Thakur Family, in Calcutta, the Living City, Vol I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, p. 65, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-563696-1.

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