വംശനാശഭീഷണിയുള്ള ജീവവർഗ്ഗങ്ങളുടെ അന്താരാഷ്ട്രവ്യാപാരത്തിനുള്ള ഉടമ്പടി

CITES
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
പ്രമാണം:CITES 40th annverisary logo.jpg Logo of the 40th anniversary of CITES
Signed Location	3 മാർച്ച് 1973 (1973-03-03) Washington, D.C.
Effective Condition	1 July 1975 10 ratifications
Parties	183
Depositary	Government of the Swiss Confederation
Language	* Chinese English French Russian Spanish
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora at Wikisource

വംശനാശഭീഷണിയുള്ള ജീവവർഗ്ഗങ്ങളുടെ സംരക്ഷണത്തിനായുള്ള ഒരു ബഹുരാഷ്ട്ര ഉടമ്പടിയാണ് വംശനാശഭീഷണിയുള്ള ജീവവർഗ്ഗങ്ങളുടെ അന്താരാഷ്ട്രവ്യാപാരത്തിനുള്ള ഉടമ്പടി അഥവാ CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, ഇത് Washington Convention എന്നും അറിയപ്പെടുന്നു. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The convention was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 35,000 species of animals and plants. In order to ensure that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was not violated, the Secretariat of GATT was consulted during the drafting process.

As of 2018, Secretary-General of the CITES Secretariat is Ivonne Higuero.

Ratifications

Parties to the treaty. Greenland is covered by CITES regulations through Denmark.

കൂട്ടിച്ചേർക്കലുകൾ

Roughly 5,000 species of animals and 29,000 species of plants are protected by CITES against over-exploitation through international trade. Each protected species or population is included in one of three lists, called appendices (explained below). The Appendix that lists a species or population reflects the extent of the threat to it and the controls that apply to the trade.

അപ്പൻഡിക്സ് I

Appendix I, about 1200 species, are species that are threatened with extinction and are or may be affected by trade. Commercial trade in wild-caught specimens of these species is illegal (permitted only in exceptional licensed circumstances). Captive-bred animals or cultivated plants of Appendix I species are considered Appendix II specimens, with concomitant requirements (see below and Article VII). The Scientific Authority of the exporting country must make a non-detriment finding, assuring that export of the individuals will not adversely affect the wild population. Any trade in these species requires export and import permits. The Management Authority of the exporting state is expected to check that an import permit has been secured and that the importing state is able to care for the specimen adequately. Notable animal species listed in Appendix I include the red panda (Ailurus fulgens), western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), the chimpanzee species (Pan spp.), tigers (Panthera tigris subspecies), Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica), leopards (Panthera pardus), jaguar (Panthera onca), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), some populations of African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), the dugong and manatees (Sirenia), and all rhinoceros species (except some Southern African subspecies populations).

അപ്പൻഡിക്സ് II

Appendix II, about 21,000 species, are species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization incompatible with the survival of the species in the wild. In addition, Appendix II can include species similar in appearance to species already listed in the Appendices. International trade in specimens of Appendix II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. In practice, many hundreds of thousands of Appendix II animals are traded annually. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES, although some Parties do require import permits as part of their stricter domestic measures. A non-detriment finding and export permit are required by the exporting Party.

In addition, Article VII of CITES states that specimens of animals listed in Appendix I that are bred in captivity for commercial purposes are treated as Appendix II. The same applies for specimens of Appendix I plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes.

Examples of species listed on Appendix II are the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), the American black bear (Ursus americanus), Hartmann's mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae), green iguana (Iguana iguana), queen conch (Strombus gigas), Emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator), Mertens' water monitor (Varanus mertensi), bigleaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and lignum vitae "ironwood" (Guaiacum officinale).

അപ്പൻഡിക്സ് III

Appendix III, about 170 species, are species that are listed after one member country has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling trade in a species. The species are not necessarily threatened with extinction globally. In all member countries, trade in these species is only permitted with an appropriate export permit and a certificate of origin from the state of the member country who has listed the species.

Examples of species listed on Appendix III and the countries that listed them are the two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) by Costa Rica, sitatunga (Tragelaphus Spekii) by Ghana, African civet (Civettictis civetta) by Botswana, and alligator snapping turtle by the USA.

പോരായ്മകളും ആശങ്കകളും

===Approach to biodiversity conservation===.

TRAFFIC Data

From 2005 – 2009 the legal trade corresponded with these numbers

• 317,000 live birds
• More than 2 million live reptiles
• 2.5 million crocodile skins
• 2.1 million snake skins
• 73 tons of caviar
• 1.1 million beaver skins
• Millions of pieces of coral
• 20,000 mammalian hunting trophies

In the 1990s the annual trade of legal animal products was $160 billion annually. In 2009 the estimated value almost doubled to $300 billion.

യോഗങ്ങൾ

The Conference of the Parties (CoP) is held once every three years. The last Conference of the Parties (CoP 17) was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, and the one before it (CoP 16) was held in Bangkok, Thailand, in 2013. The next one (CoP 18) will be in Sri Lanka in 2019. The location of the next CoP is chosen at the close of each CoP by a secret ballot vote.

The CITES Committees (Animals Committee, Plants Committee and Standing Committee) hold meetings during each year that does not have a CoP, while the Standing committee meets also in years with a CoP. The Committee meetings take place in Geneva, Switzerland (where the Secretariat of the CITES Convention is located), unless another country offers to host the meeting. The Animals and Plants Committees have sometimes held joint meetings. The previous joint meeting was held in March 2012 in Dublin, Ireland, and the latest one was held in Veracruz, Mexico in May 2014.

Meeting	City	Country	Duration
CoP 1	Bern	Switzerland	2–6 November 1976
CoP 2	San José	Costa Rica	19–30 March 1979
CoP 3	New Delhi	India	25 February – 8 March 1981
CoP 4	Gaborone	Botswana	19 – 30 April 1983
CoP 5	Buenos Aires	Argentina	22 April – 3 May 1985
CoP 6	Ottawa	Canada	12–24 July 1987
CoP 7	Lausanne	Switzerland	9–20 October 1989
CoP 8	Kyoto	Japan	2–13 March 1992
CoP 9	Fort Lauderdale	United States	7–18 November 1994
CoP 10	Harare	Zimbabwe	9–20 June 1997
CoP 11	Gigiri	Kenya	10–20 April 2000
CoP 12	Santiago	Chile	3–15 November 2002
CoP 13	Bangkok	Thailand	2–14 October 2004
CoP 14	The Hague	Netherlands	3–15 June 2007
CoP 15	Doha	Qatar	13–25 March 2010
CoP 16	Bangkok	Thailand	3–14 March 2013
CoP 17	Johannesburg	South Africa	24 September – 5 October 2016
CoP 18	Colombo	Sri Lanka	2019

A current list of upcoming meetings appears on the CITES calendar at http://www.cites.org/eng/news/calendar.php.

See also

• Environmental agreements
• IUCN Red List
• Ivory trade
• List of species protected by CITES Appendix I
• List of species protected by CITES Appendix II
• List of species protected by CITES Appendix III
• Shark finning
• Wildlife conservation
• Wildlife Enforcement Monitoring System
• Wildlife management
• Wildlife smuggling
• World Wildlife Day

അധികവായനയ്ക്ക്

• Oldfield, S. and McGough, N. (Comp.) 2007. A CITES manual for botanic gardens English version, Spanish version, Italian version Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)

പുറത്തേക്കുള്ള കണ്ണികൾ

ഈ ലേഖനത്തിലെ വിഷയത്തെ സംബന്ധിക്കുന്ന കൃതി വിക്കിഗ്രന്ഥശാലയിലെ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora എന്ന താളിലുണ്ട്.

• Official CITES website
• CITES Profile on database of market governance mechanisms Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine.

Member countries (Parties)

• Chronological list of Parties
• Alphabetical list of Parties at CITES and at the depositary
• National contacts

Lists of species included in Appendices I, II and III (i.e. species protected by CITES)

• Explanation of the Appendices
• Number of species on the Appendices
• Species lists (Appendices I, II and III)