ഉള്ളടക്കത്തിലേക്ക് പോവുക

ഫലകം:Infobox carbon

വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം.
Carbon, 00C
Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon
Carbon
Allotropesgraphite, diamond and more (see Allotropes of carbon)
Appearance
  • graphite: black
  • diamond: clear
Standard atomic weight Ar°(C)
Carbon in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson


C

Si
boroncarbonnitrogen
Groupgroup 14 (carbon group)
Periodperiod 2
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Sublimation point3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3[3]
graphite: 2.267 g/cm3
diamond: 3.515 g/cm3
Triple point4600 K, 10,800 kPa[4][5]
Heat of fusiongraphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacitygraphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K)
diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Covalent radiussp3: 77 pm
sp2: 73 pm
sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius170 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of carbon
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structuregraphite: simple hexagonal
Simple hexagonal crystal structure for graphite: carbon

(black)
Crystal structurediamond: face-centered diamond-cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for diamond: carbon

(clear)
Thermal expansiondiamond: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)[6]
Thermal conductivitygraphite: 119–165 W/(m⋅K)
diamond: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivitygraphite: 7.837 µΩ⋅m[7]
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[8]
Molar magnetic susceptibility5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol[9]
Young's modulusdiamond: 1050 GPa[6]
Shear modulusdiamond: 478 GPa[6]
Bulk modulusdiamond: 442 GPa[6]
Speed of sound thin roddiamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratiodiamond: 0.1[6]
Mohs hardnessgraphite: 12
diamond: 10
CAS Number
  • graphite: 7782-42-5
  • diamond: 7782-40-3
History
DiscoveryEgyptians and Sumerians[10] (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element byAntoine Lavoisier[11] (1789)
Isotopes of carbon
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
11C synth 20.34 min β+ 11B
12C 98.9% stable
13C 1.06% stable
14C 1 ppt (11012) 5.70×103 y β 14N
 വർഗ്ഗം: Carbon
| references
C · Carbon
B 

ibox B

iso
6
C [e]
IB-C[e]
IBisos[e]
 N

ibox N

indexes by PT (page)
child table, as reused in {IB-C}
Main isotopes of carbon
Main isotopes Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
11C synth 20.34 min β+ 11B
12C 98.9% stable
13C 1.06% stable
14C 1 ppt (11012) 5.70×103 y β 14N
Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers
Symbol etymology (11 non-trivial)
Top image (caption, alt)
Pronunciation
Allotropes (overview)
Group (overview)
Period (overview)
Block (overview)
Natural occurrence
Phase at STP
Oxidation states
Spectral lines image
Electron configuration (cmt, ref)
Isotopes
Standard atomic weight
  most stable isotope
Wikidata
Wikidata *
* Not used in {{Infobox element}} (2023-01-01)
See also {{Index of data sets}} · Cat:data sets (23) · (this table: )

References

  1. "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon". CIAAW. 2009.
  2. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  4. Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
  5. Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
  7. "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  8. Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  9. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
  10. "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  11. Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.

Four of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

  • <ref name="CRC" /> for the source CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
  • <ref name="triple2" /> for the source by Haaland
  • <ref name="triple3" /> for the Savvatimskiy
  • <ref name="ioffe" /> for the Ioffe Institute Database
[തിരുത്തുക] [പുതുക്കുക] ഫലകത്തിന്റെ വിവരണം

Infoboxes for the chemical elements use the meta template {{Infobox element}} (talk).

In general

Usually parameters reproduce the value, and the template adds the SI unit or additional standard text. While the topic is technical, we can strive to make the result readable text, and even verbose. For example, this is why the template writes "(at 0 °C)". For this, you may want to experiment with parameter input too - or propose improvements.

All this can vary across the values (data rows). So depending on the row and the specific value, additional formattings may be added by the template (e.g., a newline <br/>)

Central data values

Some data, like standard atomic weight, are read from a central list. This way, enwiki has the same values everywhere. See § Chemical element data sets for more.

Parameter naming patterns

Most parameters have a ... ref that allows for references. This reference is added right after the unit.

ionization energy ref

Parameters with a .. comment suffix are added to the end of a data line, with a space added. Comments are reproduced without formatting additions (no brackets, no italics, ...):

ionization energy comment

Numbered values make a list:

ionization energy
ionization energy 2
ionization energy 3

Chemical element data sets

[തിരുത്തുക]

Infobox element reads data from these lists (i.e., not by local parameter)

Main isotopes box

[തിരുത്തുക]

As of 7 Jan 2023, the "Main isotopes of <element>" tabular list will be read directly from the Isobox: "Infobox <element> isotopes". For example, {{Infobox uranium}} will read the table live from {{Infobox uranium isotopes}}.

The headerbar provides View-Edit links to that Isobox.

Reused Main Isotopes table listed in Category:Infobox element isotopes templates (22).

Theoretical elements handling (E119)

[തിരുത്തുക]

As of 1 Jan 2023, elements E119 and higher are not discovered. These are called theoretical elements. They can have article and other content pages though. Incidentally, this concerns period 8 completely. For the Infobox <element>, their redirected pages do not count (are treated as: "R page does not exist").

Possible situations regarding articles & discovery, are:

  • "E118": E1E118, discovered, existing full set, mentioned here for easy reference
  • "E119": E119, E120
  • "E121": E121, E122, E124, E126
  • "E127, E185": E123, E125, E127 ... Unbitrium Redirect: no article, no other content pages.

Creation of pages is governed by . This infobox must distinguish between three typical (exemplary) elements: E118 (regular element), E119 and E121.

Handling of these element infoboxes is hardcoded in the meta-infobox, set by |number= (Z).

  • Theoretical element: above-header shows
Theoretical element
Applied: when element is theoretical (E119 and higher).
  • No article "Isotopes of <element>": Header does not link
E119: Main isotopes of ununennium
E121: Main isotopes of unbiunium
Applied: E119, E120 do link, E121 and higher do not link.
  • No isotopes known, Isobox does not exist: local input, per Infobox. For example:
Transclusion of the isobox is suppressed (no redlink),
E119: |theoretical isotopes comment=Experiments and theoretical calculations
Applied: E119 and up: have no Isobox, so no isotopes lists is shownat all. Instead, the parametertext is shown as present.
Element Content page Notes
per E disc./
theor.
Page Name T:Infobox (E) Isotopes of (E) T:Isobox (E) Page set pattern
(4 Jan 2023)
note
 
E118 (Og) disc. redlink Oganesson,
cat:E118 (0)
{{IB oganesson}} Isotopes of E118,
cat:Isotopes E118 (0)
{{Isobox oganesson}} E118[Set 1] compare
E119 (Uue) theor. redlink Ununennium,
cat:E119 (0)
{{IB ununennium}} Isotopes of E119,
cat:Isotopes E119 (0)
{{Isobox E119}} E119[Set 2] period 8 start
E120 (Ubn) theor. redlink Unbinilium,
cat:E120 (0)
{{IB unbinilium}} Isotopes of E120,
cat:Isotopes E120 (0)
{{Isobox E120}} E119[Set 2]
E121 (Ubu) theor. redlink Unbiunium,
cat:E121 (0)
{{IB unbiunium}} Isotopes of E121,
cat:Isotopes E121 (0)
{{Isobox E121}} E121[Set 3]
E122 (Ubb) theor. redlink Unbibium,
cat:E122 (0)
{{IB unbibium}} Isotopes of E122,
cat:Isotopes E122 (0)
{{Isobox E122}} E121[Set 3]
E123 (Ubt) theor. redlink Unbitrium,
cat:E123 (0)
{{Infobox E123}} Isotopes of E123,
cat:Isotopes E123 (0)
{{Isobox E123}} E127[Set 4]
E124 (Ubq) theor. redlink Unbiquadium,
cat:E124 (0)
{{IB unbiquadium}} Isotopes of E124,
cat:Isotopes E124 (0)
{{Isobox E124}} E121[Set 3]
E125 (Ubp) theor. redlink Unbipentium,
cat:E125 (0)
{{Infobox E125}} Isotopes of E125,
cat:Isotopes E125 (0)
{{Isobox E125}} E127[Set 4]
E126 (Ubh) theor. redlink Unbihexium,
cat:E126 (0)
{{IB unbihexium}} Isotopes of E126,
cat:Isotopes E126 (0)
{{Isobox E126}} E121[Set 3]
E127 (Ubs) theor. redlink Unbiseptium,
cat:E127 (0)
{{Infobox E127}} Isotopes of E127,
cat:Isotopes E127 (0)
{{Isobox E127}} E127[Set 4]
E128 (Ubo) theor. redlink Unbioctium,
cat:E128 (0)
{{Infobox E128}} Isotopes of E128,
cat:Isotopes E128 (0)
{{Isobox E128}} E127[Set 4]
E172 (Usb) theor. redlink Unseptbium,
cat:E172 (0)
{{Infobox E172}} Isotopes of E172,
cat:Isotopes E172 (0)
{{Isobox E172}} E127[Set 4] End of period 8 ("NG")
E127E184 R E127[Set 4] E127E184 = 58 elements
E184 (Uoq) theor. redlink Unoctquadium,
cat:E184 (0)
{{Infobox E184}} Isotopes of E184,
cat:Isotopes E184 (0)
{{Isobox E184}} E127[Set 4]
E185 (Uop) theor. redlink Unoctpentium,
cat:E185 (0)
{{Infobox E185}} Isotopes of E185,
cat:Isotopes E185 (0)
{{Isobox E185}} E185[Set 5]
cat:Elements (0) cat:IB (E) (25)
meta:{{IB element}}
cat:List of isotopes (E) (0) cat:Isobox (E) (22)
meta:{{Isobox (E)}}
  • Sets of existing pages, by exemplary element:
  1. E118 (Oganesson): Article, Infobox, Isotopes article, Isobox, eponymous category, isotopes categories (complete set, six pages). Discovered element, for reference.
  2. 1 2 E119 (Ununennium): Article, Infobox, eponymous category, Isotopes article (but no big "§ List of isotopes" table). No Isobox.
  3. 1 2 3 4 E121 (Unbiunium): Article, Infobox, eponymous category.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 E127 (Unbiseptium): R-article only, on systematical name.
  5. E185 (Unoctpentium): No article, no redirect.

As of 4 Jan 2023, conforms (no idle pages created; redirects for element names only)

  • UueUoq (E119E184) each have an article page by their systematic name. That is 66 article page. Six of these are content pages (articles), and 58 are a redirect.
  • R: Redirects are non-content pages. Treated as non-existant page.
  • E172 would be the end of period 8 ("noble gas") and E173 would be the beginning of period 9.
  • {{Index by periodic table}} · Category:Hypothetical chemical elements (0)

These subtemplates are used automatically; they do not need specific editor's input.

Bare Periodic table, micro

English variant spellings (ENGVAR)

[തിരുത്തുക]

All element articles and their infoboxes use IUPAC spelling of elements and compounds. Notably, that is aluminium, sulfur, caesium, not aluminum, sulphur, cesium. For other English variant words (vapor vs. vapour) the infobox reads |engvar=. The parameter should be set in the article, and has options: en-US (or blank; default), en-GB, en-OED.

parameter en-US
(default)
en-GB en-OED
colorcolorcoloUrcoloUr
heat vaporizationvaporiZationvaporiSationvaporiZation
vapor pressurevaporvapoUrvapoUr
ionization energyioniZationioniSationioniZation
crystal structure (list)-centEred-centred-centred
... oxidation-state/commentparenthesizedbracketsbrackets

Note, what is shown in the infobox is not influenced by the parameter name spelling, nor its input value.


Articles having engvar set: see Category:WikiProject Elements pages using ENGVAR (0)

References

    Tracking categories

    [തിരുത്തുക]

    Index by periodic table

    [തിരുത്തുക]

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