സഹായം:IPA chart for Spanish

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Spanish language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Spanish phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Spanish.

Consonants
IPA	Examples	English approximation
[b]	bestia; embuste; vaca; envidia	best
[β̞]	bebé; obtuso; vivir; curva ^[1]	between baby and bevy
[d̪]	dedo; cuando; aldaba	dead
[ð̞]	dádiva; arder; admirar ^[1]	this
[f]	fase; café ^[2]	face
[ɡ]	gato; lengua; guerra	got
[ɰ]	trigo; amargo; sigue; signo ^[1]	between a light go and ahold
[ʝ]	ayuno; poyo ^[1]	as in yes or between beige and due in RP English
[k]	caña; laca; quise; kilo	scan
[l]	lino; alhaja; principal	lean
[ʎ]	llave; pollo ^[3]	roughly like million (merged with /ʝ/ in most dialects)
[m]	madre; comer; campo; convertir ^[4]	mother
[n]	nido; anillo; anhelo; sin; álbum ^[4]	need
[ɲ]	ñandú; cabaña; enyesar ^[4]	roughly like canyon
[ŋ]	cinco; venga; conquista; enjambre ^[4]	sink
[p]	pozo; topo	spouse
[r]	rumbo; carro; honra; subrayo; amor ^[5]	trilled r
[ɾ]	caro; bravo; amor eterno ^[5]	ladder in American English
[s]	saco; casa; deshora; espita^[6] xenón	sack
[θ]	cereal; encima; zorro; enzima; paz ^[7]^[6]	thing (in Peninsular Spanish only; elsewhere, merged with /s/)
[t̪]	tamiz; átomo	stand
[tʃ]	chubasco; acechar	choose
[x]	jamón; eje; reloj^[6] general; México	loch (pronounced [h] in many dialects; like ham)
[z]	isla; mismo; deshuesar ^[8]^[6]	prison
Marginal phonemes^[9]
IPA	Examples	English approximation
[ʃ]	Kirchner; Xelajú; sherpa ^[10]	shack
[tɬ]	tlapalería; cenzontle; Popocatépetl	somewhat like cattle
[ts]	Ertzaintza; abertzale; Pátzcuaro	cats

Vowels
IPA	Examples	English approximation
[ä]	azahar	father
[e̞]	vehemente	play (Yorkshire dialect)^[11]
[i]	dimitir; mío; y	see
[o̞]	boscoso	coat (Yorkshire dialect)^[12]
[u]	cucurucho; dúo	food

Semivowels^[13]
IPA	Examples	English approximation
[j]	aliada; cielo; amplio; ciudad	you
[w]	cuadro; fuego; Huila^[14] arduo	wine

Stress and syllabification
IPA	Examples	English approximation
[ˈ]	ciudad [θjuˈðað] / [sjuˈðað]	domain
[ˌ]	léelo [ˈleeˌlo]	intonation
.	mío [ˈmi.o]	moai

Notes[തിരുത്തുക]

Other than in loanwords (e.g. hámster; hachís; hawaiano), the letter ‹h› is always silent in Spanish except in a few dialects that retain it as [h] or [x] (halar / jalar; Sáhara).^[15]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ and /ʝ/ are between fricatives and approximants ([β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞, ʝ̞]; represented here without the undertacks) in all places except after a pause, after an /n/ or /m/, or—in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/—after an /l/, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, g, ɟʝ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g, j (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).
↑ The phoneme /f/ is often pronounced as [ɸ], with the lips touching each other rather than the front teeth.
↑ In metropolitan areas of the Iberian Peninsula and some Central American countries, /ʎ/ has merged into /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect. In Rioplatense Spanish, it has become [ʃ] or [ʒ]. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. This is partially reflected in the orthography. Word-finally, only /n/ occurs.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /r/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, before consonants, and word-finally; [ɾ] is found elsewhere.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 For many speakers, fricatives (/s/, /θ/ and /x/) may debuccalize or be deleted in the syllable coda (at the end of words and before consonants); e.g. reloj [reˈlo].
↑ In Latin America, Canary Islands and some regions in Andalusia /θ/ has merged into /s/. See seseo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
↑ Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
↑ The marginal phonemes are found in loanwords, largely from Basque, English, and Nahuatl.
↑ In many dialects, /ʃ/ is replaced by [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
↑ The Spanish /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of play (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bed; the Spanish vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
↑ The Spanish /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of coat (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw; the Spanish vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
↑ In Spanish, the semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs though; e.g. aire, rey, auto, are transcribed with /i/ and /u/.
↑ Some speakers may pronounce word initial [w] with an epenthetic /g/; e.g. Huila [ˈgwila]~[ˈwila].
↑ "Grapheme h". Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. Real Academia Española.

References[തിരുത്തുക]

Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259

External links[തിരുത്തുക]

Animations and video demonstrations of the IPA for Spanish by The Departments of Spanish and Portuguese, German, Speech Pathology and Audiology, and Academic Technologies at the University of Iowa.

[Approximant-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ and /ʝ/ are between fricatives and approximants ([β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞, ʝ̞]; represented here without the undertacks) in all places except after a pause, after an /n/ or /m/, or—in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/—after an /l/, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, g, ɟʝ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g, j (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).

[2] The phoneme /f/ is often pronounced as [ɸ], with the lips touching each other rather than the front teeth.

[3] In metropolitan areas of the Iberian Peninsula and some Central American countries, /ʎ/ has merged into /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect. In Rioplatense Spanish, it has become [ʃ] or [ʒ]. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.

[nasal-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. This is partially reflected in the orthography. Word-finally, only /n/ occurs.

[rhotic-5] 5.0 ^5.1 The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /r/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, before consonants, and word-finally; [ɾ] is found elsewhere.

[debuccalization-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 For many speakers, fricatives (/s/, /θ/ and /x/) may debuccalize or be deleted in the syllable coda (at the end of words and before consonants); e.g. reloj [reˈlo].

[7] In Latin America, Canary Islands and some regions in Andalusia /θ/ has merged into /s/. See seseo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.

[8] Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.

[9] The marginal phonemes are found in loanwords, largely from Basque, English, and Nahuatl.

[10] In many dialects, /ʃ/ is replaced by [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].

[11] The Spanish /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of play (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bed; the Spanish vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.

[12] The Spanish /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of coat (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw; the Spanish vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.

[Semivowel-13] In Spanish, the semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs though; e.g. aire, rey, auto, are transcribed with /i/ and /u/.

[14] Some speakers may pronounce word initial [w] with an epenthetic /g/; e.g. Huila [ˈgwila]~[ˈwila].

[15] "Grapheme h". Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. Real Academia Española.

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Comparisons	IPA conventions for English English dialects Wikipedia pronunciation respelling Other English pronunciation respellings
Introductory guides	Symbols For English speakers Manual of Style: Pronunciation

Notes[തിരുത്തുക]

See also[തിരുത്തുക]

References[തിരുത്തുക]

External links[തിരുത്തുക]